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R Cadoret

Publications and source records attributed to R Cadoret.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Follow-up contact bias in evaluation of substance abuse treatment programs.

This study examined the problem of follow-up contact bias in evaluation of substance abuse treatment programs using administrative data sets. Completed discharges in Iowa were compared to clients contacted 6 months after treatment. The percent of clients reporting no substance use doubled between admission to treatment and follow-up. Unemployment, arrests, and number of days of work or school missed declined. However, clients included in the follow-up sample were significantly different in terms of risk factors for adverse outcomes. The authors conclude that improvements in social functioning 6 months after discharge cannot be generalized to the entire population of clients treated, since those not found have a different combination of risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The Iowa Personality Disorder Screen: development and preliminary validation of a brief screening interview.

The length and expense of comprehensive personality disorder interviews makes them unwieldy for routine use. A brief but sensitive screen could eliminate administration of longer instruments in many instances. We describe the development of the Iowa Personality Disorder Screen (IPDS)--a mini-structured interview which can be completed in less than 5 minutes. Retrospective analyses using 1,203 SIDP-R interviews suggested that the IPDS items should provide good sensitivity and specificity. We present results from a prospective validation study, using a mixed group of 52 nonpsychotic inpatients and outpatients who were diagnosed using the SIDP-IV. Blind administration of the IPDS yielded excellent sensitivity (92%) and good specificity (79%), using a subset of five screening items. Addition of two more items leads to an estimated sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 86%. The IPDS shows promise as a quick personality disorder screen for use in research settings or standard clinical interviews.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

The cooccurrence of DSM-III-R personality disorders.

The distinction between personality disorder diagnoses is often unclear because of the frequent cooccurrence of one or more of the diagnoses. To date, studies using sample sizes large enough to evaluate the rates of cooccurrence in the less prevalent personality disorders have not been conducted. The Structured Interview for Diagnosis of Personality-Revised, a semistructured instrument designed to yield reliable personality disorder diagnoses, was used to evaluate 1116 subjects for the presence of DSM-III-R personality disorder diagnoses. Cooccurrence rates and odds ratios were calculated for each pair of diagnoses. There was a high degree of cooccurrence between the cluster A personality disorders, between the cluster C personality disorders, and between narcissistic, borderline, and histrionic disorders. In addition, there was also a high frequency of avoidant personality disorders within the cluster A personality disorder diagnoses. Possible explanations for the high degree of cooccurrence and the potential implications for the DSM-IV personality disorder diagnoses are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

DSM-IV antisocial personality disorder field trial.

The development of the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) included 12 field trials to assess proposed revisions. This article provides results from the antisocial personality disorder (APD) field trial that was conducted to obtain data of relevance to the proposals for simplification and for the inclusion of more traditional traits of psychopathy. Provided herein are the results from 4 sites that had sampled from populations of particular relevance to the diagnosis of APD (i.e., prison inmates, psychiatric inpatients, outpatients with substance use disorders, and homeless persons). The results indicated that some items from the 3rd revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 1987) could be deleted without affecting the diagnosis. The field trial provided mixed support for the proposal to include more traditional traits of psychopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Evidence of heterogeneity of genetic effect in Iowa adoption studies.

This paper describes male adoption studies at the University of Iowa using private and public adoption agencies within the state of Iowa from 1974 to the present time. This research involves four large studies, the first two of which demonstrated significant genetic as well as environmental effects in the etiology of alcoholism as well as significant correlations between adoptee conditions of antisocial personality and alcohol abuse. Findings in the first two studies were similar. However, the third study, using a sample from Catholic-sponsored adoption agencies across the state, failed to show a genetic effect. The final and fourth study was designed in part to look for heterogeneity in the manifestation of a genetic factor from one sample to another in the Iowa studies. This was done by sampling from two agencies, one of which had shown a genetic effect and the other that had not. In this fourth study, the agency that had not shown a genetic effect in the previous study also failed to show an effect, but the agency that had shown a significant genetic effect in the past did demonstrate a significant genetic effect. There were two remaining agencies in the fourth study for which no comparison with past samples could be made. One of these agencies showed a marginally significant genetic effect and the other showed no effect. Statistical analysis of this last study suggested that observed variability in the odds ratio from sample to sample was due to differences in manifestation of the genetic effect.

Adoption↗
PubMed1994

A new, semi-structured psychiatric interview for use in genetic linkage studies: a report on the reliability of the SSAGA.

Within- and cross-center test-retest studies were conducted to study the reliability of a new, semistructured, comprehensive, polydiagnostic psychiatric interview being used in a multisite genetic linkage study of alcoholism. Findings from both studies indicated that reliability for the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) was high for DSM-III-R substance dependence disorders, but less so for substance abuse disorders. Reliability of depression was good in both studies, but mixed for antisocial personality disorder (ASP). Findings are presented in terms of specific substance dependence and abuse diagnoses, as well as for depression and ASP. Criterion-specific reliabilities are examined by type of substance used. Although SSAGA was designed to provide for broad phenotyping of alcoholism, review of its new features suggests its suitability for a variety of family studies, not just those focusing on substance abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Decreased epinephrine in familial alcoholism. Initial findings.

Stress-induced epinephrine release, measured in urine, was less in a group of 17 nonalcoholic adoptee probands, aged 18 to 36 years, with alcoholic biologic relatives than in 12 similar controls with no alcoholic relatives. This result is similar to previous observations of small stress-induced epinephrine release in humans with aggressive or hyperactive character traits. Resting epinephrine levels and epinephrine released by alcohol in soft drink were also lower in our probands than in controls. Familial alcoholism might be associated with a trait of globally decreased epinephrine responsiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Diagnostic discrepancy in personal accounts of patients with 'schizophrenia'.

Five published accounts of patients with "schizophrenia" were reviewed in the light of the DSM-III diagnostic criteria. None of the accounts unequivocally met the DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia, but all did meet the criteria for some other psychiatric condition, especially affective disorders. The survey results suggest that popular accounts of "schizophrenia" present a confusing picture of schizophrenia. Inasmuch as these accounts often are invoked to support "cures," the reading pubic is doubly misled, as when a naturally remitting condition such as depression is mistakenly called schizophrenia. The psychiatric profession has a responsibility to clarify diagnostic misconceptions put forth in popular literature, and DSM-III might provide more objective guidelines for this much-needed clarification.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1978

Baseline characteristics of pure depressive disease.

A chart review study of 86 females with pure depressive disorder (i.e., a diagnosis of depression plus a parental history of depression) is reported. Findings regarding family history of depressive illness are described. Clinically, the group is noted to be most homogeneous, various attempts at subdivision failing.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

Depression spectrum disease versus pure depressive disease. Clinical, personality, and course differences.

In a group of 191 women admitted to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital for depression over a 45-year period and selected on the basis of alcoholism or antisocial personality, vs. depression, in a parent, 105 probands fit into the depression spectrum group (parental alcoholism or antisocial personality) and 86 into the pure depression group (parental depression). Few differences were found between the presenting clinical pictures (including precipitating factors) of the two groups; but depression spectrum patients and pure depressive patients showed study differences in the areas of personal problems and personality as well as course of illness. The depression spectrum patients were significantly less likely to have loss of interest in usual activities as a symptom at index admission. They were significantly more likely to have had a history of sexual problems, to have been divorced or separated before, to have been described as irritable, and to report having previously been depressed. They are nonetheless significantly more likely to recover completely and have no relapse of depression. The pure depression group were significantly more likely to have depressed sisters, and suicide was much more frequent in their ill parents. Thus, important personality and course differences separate depressive spectrum disease from pure depressive disease;

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Association and linkage between alcoholism and eleven serological markers.

Sera from alcoholics and their nonalcoholic first-degree relatives were analyzed for 11 serological markers. A lower prevalence of the S antigen in the nonalcoholic relatives and linkage in repulsion between the D gene of the Rh system and alcoholism were found. All the alcoholics and the relatives had an SS phenotype, when analyzed for complement C3, compared with a prevalence rate of about 50% in other studies. The first two associations involve blood groups, the latter a serum protein.

ABO Blood-Group System↗