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Biomedical subjects

R D Fealey

Publications and source records attributed to R D Fealey.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Brain metal concentrations in chronic liver failure patients with pallidal T1 MRI hyperintensity.

BACKGROUND: Chronic liver failure may be associated with pallidal MRI T1 hyperintensity and heterogeneous neurologic syndromes, including parkinsonism, cognitive impairment, and others. Manganese accumulation may be responsible for the imaging and clinical findings. OBJECTIVE: To measure manganese plus other metal concentrations in pallidum and additional brain regions and to examine the corresponding neuropathology in cases of chronic liver failure. METHODS: Regional brain metal concentrations were measured in seven chronic liver failure cases, four with pallidal T1 hyperintensity and three with normal MRI, plus five controls. Neuropathologic examination employed alpha-synuclein and tau immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In patients with pallidal T1 hyperintensity, pallidal manganese concentrations were increased sevenfold over controls and over fourfold vs liver patients with normal MRI; manganese concentrations were also significantly elevated in all other brain regions. Copper was additionally increased in all brain regions, whereas other metal concentrations were similar to control values. Neuropathology revealed mild to moderate Alzheimer type II gliosis in the liver failure groups and negative alpha-synuclein and tau immunostaining except for one case (intermediate Alzheimer disease pathology). CONCLUSION: In chronic liver failure, manganese accumulation is responsible for the pallidal MRI T1 hyperintensity. Pallidal copper was also elevated in affected cases, but copper does not have the paramagnetic properties to generate isolated T1 hyperintensity. Basal ganglia manganese or copper accumulation may be responsible for the parkinsonism sometimes seen in chronic liver failure. Pallidal MRI T1 hyperintensity is a biomarker of manganese overload.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Neurologic manifestations in welders with pallidal MRI T1 hyperintensity.

BACKGROUND: Neurologic symptoms have been attributed to manganese fumes generated during welding. Increased T1 MRI signal in the basal ganglia is a biologic marker of manganese accumulation. Recent studies have associated welding and parkinsonism, but generally without MRI corroboration. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical and neuropsychological features of patients with MRI basal ganglia T1 hyperintensity, who were ultimately diagnosed with neurotoxicity from welding fumes. METHODS: The medical records of welders referred to the Department of Neurology with neurologic problems and basal ganglia T1 hyperintensity were reviewed. RESULTS: All eight patients were male career welders with increased T1 basal ganglia signal on MRI of the brain. Several different clinical syndromes were recognized: a parkinsonian syndrome (three patients), a syndrome of multifocal myoclonus and limited cognitive impairment (two patients), a mixed syndrome with vestibular-auditory dysfunction (two patients), and minor subjective cognitive impairment, anxiety, and sleep apnea (one patient). Neuropsychometric testing suggested subcortical or frontal involvement. Inadequate ventilation or lack of personal respiratory protection during welding was a common theme. CONCLUSIONS: Welding without proper protection was associated with syndromes of parkinsonism, multifocal myoclonus, mild cognitive impairment, and vestibular-auditory dysfunction. The MRI T1 hyperintensity in the basal ganglia suggests that these may have been caused by manganese neurotoxicity.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Successful treatment of POEMS syndrome with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation.

POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes) is a plasma cell dyscrasia that differs substantially from classic multiple myeloma. It is often associated with disabling polyneuropathy in younger patients. Current therapeutic approaches are frequently inadequate and leave many patients wheelchair-bound with significant deterioration in quality and length of life. We present the case of a young man with progressive disease despite conventional therapeutic approaches. We describe a novel approach to treatment with a bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical, samarium-153 ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate ((153)Sm-EDTMP), followed by myeloablative chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell reconstitution. This approach resulted in regression of the organomegaly and skin changes and in neurologic improvement both clinically and electrophysiologically. The patient progressed from being wheelchair-bound to independent ambulation. An aggressive approach should be considered in patients with POEMS syndrome in whom standard therapeutic measures fail.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Autoantibodies to ganglionic acetylcholine receptors in autoimmune autonomic neuropathies.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic autonomic neuropathy is a severe, subacute disorder with a presumed autoimmune basis. It is indistinguishable from the subacute autonomic neuropathy that may accompany lung cancer or other tumors. Autoantibodies specific for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the autonomic ganglia are potentially pathogenic and may serve as serologic markers of various forms of autoimmune autonomic neuropathy. METHODS: We tested serum from 157 patients with a variety of types of dysautonomia. Immunoprecipitation assays with iodine-125-labeled epibatidine and solubilized human neuroblastoma acetylcholine receptors were used to detect autoantibodies that bound to or blocked ganglionic receptors. RESULTS: Ganglionic-receptor-binding antibodies were found in 19 of 46 patients with idiopathic or paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy (41 percent), in 6 of 67 patients with postural tachycardia syndrome, idiopathic gastrointestinal dysmotility, or diabetic autonomic neuropathy (9 percent), and in none of 44 patients with other autonomic disorders. High levels of the binding antibodies correlated with more severe autonomic dysfunction (including the presence of tonic pupils). Levels of these antibodies decreased in patients who had clinical improvement. All seven patients with ganglionic-receptor-blocking antibodies had ganglionic-receptor-binding antibodies and had idiopathic or paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Seropositivity for antibodies that bind to or block ganglionic acetylcholine receptors identifies patients with various forms of autoimmune autonomic neuropathy and distinguishes these disorders from other types of dysautonomia. The positive correlation between high levels of ganglionic-receptor antibodies and the severity of autonomic dysfunction suggests that the antibodies have a pathogenic role in these types of neuropathy.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Recurrent lumbar ependymoma presenting as headache and communicating hydrocephalus.

We describe a patient with a recurrent spinal cord ependymoma who initially presented with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure rather than symptoms directly relating to involvement of the conus medullaris. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium showed communicating hydrocephalus. Magnetic resonance imaging of the entire spinal cord with gadolinium revealed recurrent tumor. Postoperatively, a permanent ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed. Recognition of the association between spinal cord ependymoma and hydrocephalus is important in the evaluation of patients with headache.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Neuronal nicotinic ACh receptor antibody in subacute autonomic neuropathy and cancer-related syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Autoantibodies specific for the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) of skeletal muscle (containing the alpha1 subunit) impair neuromuscular transmission in myasthenia gravis (MG). AChRs mediating fast synaptic transmission through autonomic ganglia are structurally similar to muscle AChR, but contain the alpha3 subunit. We propose that ganglionic AChR autoimmunity may cause dysautonomia. OBJECTIVE: To test serum of patients with autonomic neuropathy for autoantibodies of neuronal ganglionic AChR specificity. METHODS: We developed an immunoprecipitation radioassay by complexing epibatidine (125I-labeled high affinity agonist) to a Triton X-100-solubilized AChR antigen from peripheral neuroblastoma membranes. Monoclonal rat immunoglobulins (IgG) specific for muscle or neuronal AChRs validated the assay's specificity. We tested serum from 52 healthy subjects, 12 patients with subacute autonomic neuropathy, and 248 patients with other neurologic disorders. RESULTS: Twelve patients had antibodies that bound unequivocally to ganglionic AChR. Five had subacute autonomic neuropathy, and three (of six tested) had Isaacs' syndrome; four of these eight had a carcinoma (lung, bladder, rectum, thyroid). The remaining four seropositive patients (two Lambert-Eaton syndrome, one dementia, one sensory neuronopathy) all had Ca2+ channel antibodies and three had small cell lung carcinoma. No healthy subject had ganglionic AChR antibodies, nor did 62 patients with MG and muscle AChR antibodies. CONCLUSION: Neuronal AChR antibodies are a novel serologic marker of neurologic autoimmunity. The pathogenicity of neuronal AChR autoantibodies in autonomic neuropathy, Isaacs' syndrome, or other neurologic disorders remains to be shown, as has been demonstrated for muscle AChR antibodies in MG. An autoimmune and potentially paraneoplastic etiology is implicated in seropositive patients.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Ten steps in characterizing and diagnosing patients with peripheral neuropathy.

Cost-effective approaches for arriving at correct diagnoses should be used. Herein, we compare three approaches for the differential diagnosis of a common neurologic syndrome, peripheral neuropathy. In the "shotgun" approach, a standard battery of hematologic, biochemical, serologic, antibody, enzyme, molecular genetic, and other tests are ordered after the presence of a neuropathy is established, without a detailed characterization of the neuropathy. In the "gestalt" approach, the specific variety of neuropathy is identified by recognition of a clinical pattern of symptoms, course, or disease associations. The "10-step" approach, encompassing components of the two other methods and adding others, evolved from our assessment of many patients with peripheral neuropathy. In the 10-step approach, the history and neurologic examination place the patient's disorder into one of perhaps 21 anatomic-pathologic patterns. Next, electrophysiologic and other tests confirm the correctness of this anatomic-pathologic patterns. Finally, a series of evaluations exclude or include an increasingly shorter list of diagnoses until only one likely one remains or the disorder remains undiagnosed. We advocate the 10-step over the shotgun or gestalt approach, because it emphasizes careful initial characterization of neuropathy and emphasizes use of a logical step-by-step inclusion or exclusion to arrive at a short list of diagnostic possibilities. The approach depends ultimately on the judgement of adequately trained and experienced physicians, not on the results of single tests. The 10-step approach is not a mindless algorithm, leading inevitably to the correct diagnosis, but depends on judgment based on extensive background and neurobiologic and clinical knowledge and training.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Prospective evaluation of clinical characteristics of orthostatic hypotension.

OBJECTIVE: To undertake a prospective study of the clinical characteristics of orthostatic intolerant patients referred to the Mayo Autonomic Reflex Laboratory with suspected orthostatic hypotension (OH). DESIGN: Autonomic function tests were performed to quantify the severity of sudomotor, adrenergic, and cardiovagal failure and generate a composite autonomic symptom score (CASS). CASS was related to a symptom score, which was derived from the frequency of orthostatic intolerance and syncope and the standing time until occurrence of symptoms. RESULTS: Three groups were defined by their response to a tilt study: group I, 90 patients with symptomatic OH, mean age, 63.6 years; group II, 60 patients who had symptoms without OH, mean age, 48.9 years; and group III, 5 patients with asymptomatic OH, mean age, 68.0 years. Group I had a significantly higher CASS (P < 0.001) than did those without OH. Further analysis was done on the 90 patients in group I. The most common symptoms were lightheadedness, weakness, impaired cognition, visual blurring, tremulousness, and vertigo. The most common aggravating factors were prolonged standing, exercise, warming, and eating. Most patients (75%) could stand for less than 5 minutes before symptoms occurred. Symptoms regressed significantly with CASS but not with the tilt grade. CONCLUSION: Patients with generalized autonomic failure have a recognizable pattern of symptoms and aggravating factors that relate, albeit imperfectly, to the severity of autonomic failure.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of the postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) with orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic failure.

Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is characterized by orthostatic dizziness, tremulousness, tachycardia and variable blood pressure changes. Since some POTS patients have a marked reduction in pulse pressure on standing, a major mechanism of their symptoms might be venous pooling. We therefore studied the cardiovascular response to head-up tilt, Valsalva maneuver and deep breathing in: control subjects (n = 11; F = 8; M = 3; 39.2 +/- 14.4 years); patients with orthostatic hypotension secondary to autonomic failure (n = 11; F = 9; M = 2; 61.7 +/- 13.0 years), and patients with POTS (n = 15); F = 13; M = 2; 32.3 +/- 10.6 years). Blood pressure was measured with a Finapres, and cardiac output, stroke volume, end-diastolic volume and thoracic impedance (TFI) were measured by thoracic electrical bioimpedance. During tilt (in contrast to patients with orthostatic hypotensiom), patients with POTS had excessive tachycardia (P < 0.001), a normal to excessive total peripheral resistance increase, and an exaggerated decrease in stroke volume (P < 0.001) and end-diastolic volume (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that sympathetic arteriolar function remains relatively intact but that sympathetic venomotor function is selectively impaired. These findings may have significant implications for the treatment of patients with POTS.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Idiopathic autonomic neuropathy: clinical, neurophysiologic, and follow-up studies on 27 patients.

We evaluated the natural history, electrophysiologic characteristics, spectrum of autonomic involvement, pathology, and laboratory features in 27 patients with idiopathic autonomic neuropathy who were followed up for a mean of 32 months. The typical features of idiopathic autonomic neuropathy include the absence of an associated disease, frequent history of preceding infection, and acute or subacute onset with a monophasic course. The spectrum of autonomic involvement ranges from panautonomic to selective adrenergic or cholinergic failure. There is infrequent involvement of somatic nerve fibers as assessed by routine nerve conduction studies. Pathologic features include the presence of a small inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltrate in the epineurium. Recovery tends to be gradual and frequently incomplete. The acute onset, frequent antecedent viral infection, selectivity of involvement by fiber type and autonomic level, and presence of perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration suggest that the underlying mechanism is likely to be immune-mediated. These observations may justify plasma exchange or other immunosuppressive modalities as early therapeutic intervention in patients with progressive disability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Distal small fiber neuropathy: results of tests of sweating and autonomic cardiovascular reflexes.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate sweating and cardiovascular autonomic function in patients with distal small fiber neuropathy (DSFN). Sweat testing by the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test was abnormal in 32 of 40 (80%) patients. The thermoregulatory sweat test was abnormal in 18 of 25 (72%) patients; one or both tests were abnormal in 36 of 40 (90%). Minor heart rate abnormalities were present in 11 of 40 (28%) patients. We conclude that, in patients with DSFN: (a) the sympathetic sudomotor fibers are frequently affected, and that evaluation of sweating is a useful diagnostic test; (b) that the autonomic nerves controlling heart rate are less affected.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed1991

Autonomic involvement in extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders.

We reviewed the clinical and autonomic features of all patients with extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders studied in the Mayo Autonomic Reflex Laboratory from 1983 to 1989. Patients were grouped into the following categories (number in parentheses): Parkinson's disease (35); parkinsonism-plus (54); multiple system atrophy (75); hereditary multisystem degenerations (eleven); progressive supranuclear palsy (32); non-familial cerebellar degeneration (eleven); nonspecific sporadic multisystem degeneration (73). Severe autonomic failure occurred in 97% of patients with multiple system atrophy and 53% of the nonspecific sporadic multisystem degeneration patients respectively. Autonomic involvement was mild or absent in Parkinson's disease while parkinsonism-plus and non-familial cerebellar degeneration patients had moderate autonomic failure. Orthostatic blood pressure reduction, percentage of anhidrosis on thermoregulatory sweat test, quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test, forearm response and heart rate response to deep breathing strongly regressed with severity. A response to levodopa treatment in patients with parkinsonism was more likely if cerebellar signs and cognitive deficits were absent. The presence of levodopa induced dyskinesia was also a marker for a clinically favourable levodopa response. We conclude that there is a spectrum of autonomic involvement in these degenerative disorders and that autonomic studies are useful in separating them and monitoring their course.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Hyperbaric treatment of cerebral air embolism sustained during an open-heart surgical procedure.

A case of cerebral air embolism sustained during replacement of the mitral valve resulted in postoperative coma and seizures. Hyperbaric treatment, begun 30 hours after the occurrence of the air embolism, resulted in good immediate and long-term recovery. Mild deficits of the left hemisphere were present at follow-up 53 days after the embolus was sustained, and lesser, minimal residua were present at 14-month follow-up. Hyperbaric treatment is the definitive therapy for cerebral air embolism. Although it is most effective when administered early, the outcome may be excellent even with late treatment.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass↗
PubMed1991

Utility of thermography in the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy.

We performed infrared telethermography in 55 patients with the clinical diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy and in 37 normal controls. Five readers interpreted the thermograms in a blinded fashion. A moderate degree of agreement was noted in tests of intraobserver and interobserver variability. The sensitivity of thermography ranged from 78% to 94% compared with 81% to 92% for imaging studies and 77% for EMG. The specificity of thermography ranged from 20% to 44%. Thermography predicted the level of the radiculopathy correctly in less than 50% of cases. Thermography has little or no utility in the diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Idiopathic autonomic denervation in eight patients presenting with functional gastrointestinal disease. A causal association?

Gut dysmotility may result from disease of the extrinsic neural pathways supplying the gut. We report the results of studies on sweating, cardiovascular, and sudomotor reflexes in eight prospectively evaluated patients with apparently functional gastrointestinal disorders. There was no personal or family history of neurologic disease, except for one patient with known atony of the bladder. Motility of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine were, respectively, abnormal in two, six, and seven patients and showed either uncoordination of contractions between segments or postcibal hypomotility. All had generalized or patchy anhidrosis; quantitative sudomotor axon reflex tests were also abnormal in four patients and borderline in one. Plasma levels of catecholamines were abnormal in one patient. All patients had evidence of sympathetic denervation: preganglionic in two patients, postganglionic in five patients, and mixed in one patient. Three patients also had abnormal heart-rate responses to deep breathing, suggesting parasympathetic dysfunction. No underlying cause for the autonomic dysfunction was identified in any of these patients despite extensive investigations. Thus, these data support the hypothesis that apparently functional gastrointestinal disorders may be due to idiopathic autonomic denervation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Autonomic function and motility in intestinal pseudoobstruction caused by paraneoplastic syndrome.

This report documents the occurrence of chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction in association with a small cell carcinoma of the lung with evidence of pre- and postganglionic sympathetic dysfunction in one patient with brain metastases, and with sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic dysfunction in a second patient. A strategy is outlined for the identification and characterization of disordered neural control of gut motility. This strategy utilizes gastrointestinal motility studies to confirm gut neuropathy, autonomic function tests, and plasma norepinephrine responses to intravenous edrophonium to identify the level of dysfunction. These cases are compared with others in the literature, and the occult nature of these cancers, the spectrum of symptoms suggesting autonomic dysfunction on presentation, and the occasional response of the neurologic deficit to treatment of the malignancy are highlighted.

Autonomic Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed1989

Thermoregulatory sweating abnormalities in diabetes mellitus.

A properly performed thermoregulatory sweat test (TST) can be informative in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Of 51 patients suspected of having neuropathy on the basis of a clinical examination, 48 (94%) had unequivocal abnormalities on the TST. Pathologic loss of sweating occurred distally in 65%, segmentally in 25%, and only in isolated dermatomes in 25%; 78% of patients had a combination of two or more patterns. Global anhidrosis was noted in eight patients (16%), all of whom had profound autonomic neuropathy, and in the entire group, the percentage of body surface anhidrosis correlated with the degree of clinical dysautonomia (rank correlation coefficient = 0.77; P less than 0.01). Discrete zones of anhidrosis on the thorax and abdomen were noted in patients with painful diabetic radiculopathy, and they correlated highly with thoracic paraspinal muscle fibrillation potentials. Distal loss of sweating detected on the TST was always associated with a subnormal quantitative sudomotor axon reflex response or abnormal electromyographic findings, an indication of a distal axonal neuropathy. The TST provides reliable information about the distribution of diabetic neuropathic involvement and can be especially useful in the diagnosis of truncal radiculopathy and clinically significant autonomic neuropathy.

Adult↗