Biomedical subjects

R D Goodband

Publications and source records attributed to R D Goodband.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Effects of modified tall oil and creatine monohydrate on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs.

The effects of feeding modified tall oil (MTO) and creatine monohydrate (CMH) on growing-finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were determined. Eighty cross-bred barrows (initially 45.4 kg) were allotted randomly to one of four dietary treatments by weight and ancestry. The experiment was arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial with two levels of MTO (0 or 0.50%), which were fed throughout the growing-finishing period, and two levels of CMH (0 or 25 g/d), which were fed for the final 10 d before slaughter. The corn-soybean meal diets were fed in two phases (45.4 to 78.9 kg and 78.9 to 117.5 kg BW). When CMH was added to the diet in place of corn, average BW was 107.5 kg. Feeding MTO increased (P < 0.05) ADG and gain:feed ratio (G/F) during the 45.4- to 78.9-kg growth interval and tended to improve (P = 0.10) G/F during the 45.4- to 107.5-kg growth interval. Dietary treatment did not affect (P > 0.15) growth performance during the 78.9- to 107.5-kg growth interval. Modified tall oil increased (P = 0.02) G/F during the 10-d CMH supplementation period, and CMH numerically (P = 0.11) increased ADG and G/F. Supplementation of CMH did not affect (P > 0.20) any measured carcass characteristic or measures of meat quality at 24 h or 14 d postmortem. Feeding MTO reduced average back-fat (P = 0.05) and 10th rib backfat (P = 0.01) but did not affect (P > 0.10) other measured carcass characteristics or measures of meat quality at 24 h postmortem. Modified tall oil increased (P = 0.02) L* values (lightness) and tended to increase (P < 0.10) thawing and cooking losses of longissimus muscle chops at 14 d postmortem. These data demonstrate that MTO improves growth performance and reduces backfat in growing-finishing pigs, but supplementation of CMH, under the conditions of this experiment, was not beneficial for growing-finishing pigs.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1999

Effects of lysine:calorie ratio on growth performance of 10- to 25-kilogram pigs.

Crossbred barrows (n = 336 Newsham Hybrids) initially 9.9 kg and 31+/-2 d of age were used to evaluate the effects of energy density and lysine:calorie ratio on growth performance. Pigs were allotted by initial weight in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design with six replicate pens per treatment. Each pen had four or five pigs with an equal number of pigs per pen within replicate. Pigs were fed increasing dietary energy densities (3.25, 3.38, and 3.51 Mcal ME/kg) and lysine:calorie ratios (3.00, 3.45, 3.90, and 4.35 g lysine/Mcal ME). Energy density was changed by levels of choice white grease (0, 3, and 6%), and lysine:calorie ratio was changed by altering the corn:soybean meal ratio. Over the 21-d trial, an energy density x lysine:calorie ratio interaction was observed for ADG (P < .05). Pigs fed diets containing 3.25 or 3.51 Mcal ME/kg had increasing ADG with increasing lysine:calorie ratio, whereas ADG of pigs fed 3.38 Mcal ME/kg was not affected by lysine:calorie ratio. Feed efficiency (gain:feed ratio) increased and ADFI decreased as lysine:calorie ratio increased (linear, P < .01) and as energy density increased (quadratic, P < .01 and .10, respectively). On d 21, two pigs per pen were scanned ultrasonically for backfat depth. An energy density x lysine:calorie ratio interaction (P < .06) was observed. Pigs fed diets containing 3.25 and 3.38 Mcal ME/kg had decreasing fat depth as lysine:calorie ratio increased; however, backfat depth was not affected by lysine:calorie ratio and was greatest for pigs fed 3.51 Mcal ME/kg. These results suggest that 10- to 25-kg pigs fed diets containing 3.38 Mcal ME/kg had maximum feed efficiency and that they required at least 4.35 g lysine/Mcal ME. However, pigs fed 3.51 Mcal ME/kg had increased fat depth regardless of calorie:lysine ratio.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of dietary energy density and lysine:calorie ratio on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs.

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the effects of dietary energy density and lysine:calorie ratio on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing and finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 80 crossbred barrows (initially 44.5 kg) were fed a control diet or diets containing 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, or 6.0% choice white grease (CWG). All diets contained 3.2 and 2.47 g of lysine/Mcal ME during growing (44.5 to 73 kg) and finishing (73 to 104 kg), respectively. Increasing energy density did not affect overall ADG; however, ADFI decreased and feed efficiency (Gain:feed ratio; G:F) increased (linear, P < .01). Increasing energy density decreased and then increased (quadratic, P < .06) skinned fat depth and lean percentage. In Exp. 2, 120 crossbred gilts (initially 29.2 kg) were used to determine the effects of increasing levels of CWG and lysine:calorie ratio fed during the growing phase on growth performance and subsequent finishing growth. Pigs were fed increasing energy density (3.31, 3.44, or 3.57 Mcal ME/kg) and lysine:calorie ratio (2.75, 3.10, 3.45, or 3.80 g lysine/Mcal ME). No energy density x lysine:calorie ratio interactions were observed (P > .10). Increasing energy density increased ADG and G:F and decreased ADFI of pigs from 29.5 to 72.6 kg (linear, P < .05). Increasing lysine:calorie ratio increased ADG and ADFI (linear, P < .01 and .07, respectively) but had no effect on G:F. From 72.6 to 90.7 kg, all pigs were fed the same diet containing .90% lysine and 2.72 g lysine/Mcal ME. Pigs previously fed with increasing lysine:calorie ratio had decreased (linear, P < .02) ADG and G:F. Also, pigs previously fed increasing CWG had decreased (linear, P < .03) ADG and ADFI. From 90.7 to 107 kg when all pigs were fed a diet containing .70% lysine and 2.1 g lysine/Mcal ME, growth performance was not affected by previous dietary treatment. Carcass characteristics were not affected by CWG or lysine:calorie ratio fed from 29.5 to 72.6 kg. Increasing the dietary energy density and lysine:calorie ratio improved ADG and G:F of growing pigs; however, pigs fed a low-energy diet or a low lysine:calorie ratio from 29 to 72 kg had compensatory growth from 72 to 90 kg.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1999

Effects of L-carnitine fed during gestation and lactation on sow and litter performance.

Multiparous sows (n = 307) were used to evaluate the effects of added dietary L-carnitine, 100 mg/d during gestation and 50 ppm during lactation, on sow and litter performance. Treatments were arranged as a 2 (gestation or lactation) x2 (with or without L-carnitine) factorial. Control sows were fed 1.81 kg/d of a gestation diet containing .65% total lysine. Treated sows were fed 1.59 kg/d of the control diet with a .23 kg/d topdressing of the control diet that provided 100 mg/d of added L-carnitine. Lactation diets were formulated to contain 1.0% total lysine with or without 50 ppm of added L-carnitine. Sows fed 100 mg/d of added L-carnitine had increased IGF-I concentration on d 60 (71.3 vs. 38.0 ng/mL, P<.01) and 90 of gestation (33.0 vs. 25.0 ng/mL, P = .04). Sows fed added L-carnitine had increased BW gain (55.3 vs 46.3 kg; P<.01) and last rib fat depth gain (2.6 vs. 1.6 mm; P = .04) during gestation. Feeding 100 mg/d of added L-carnitine in gestation increased both total litter (15.5 vs. 14.6 kg; P = .04) and pig (1.53 vs 1.49 kg; P<.01) birth weight. No differences were observed in pig birth weight variation. Added L-carnitine fed during gestation increased litter weaning weight (45.0 vs. 41.3 kg, P = .02); however, no effect of feeding L-carnitine during lactation was observed. No differences were observed in subsequent days to estrus or farrowing rate. Compared to the control diet, feeding added L-carnitine in either gestation, lactation, or both, increased (P<.05) the subsequent number of pigs born alive, but not total born. In conclusion, feeding L-carnitine throughout gestation increased sow body weight and last rib fat depth gain and increased litter weights at birth and weaning.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Effects of L-carnitine fed during lactation on sow and litter performance.

Sows of differing parities and genetics were used at different locations to determine the effects of feeding added L-carnitine during lactation on sow and litter performance. In Exp. 1, sows (n = 50 PIC C15) were fed a lactation diet (1.0% total lysine, .9% Ca, and .8% P) with or without 50 ppm of added L-carnitine from d 108 of gestation until weaning (d 21). No differences in litter weaning weight, survivability, sow ADFI, or sow weight and last rib fat depth change were observed. Number of pigs born alive in the subsequent farrowing were not different (P>.10). In Exp. 2, parity-three and -four sows (n = 115 Large White cross) were used to determine the effect of feeding 0, 50, 100, or 200 ppm of added L-carnitine during lactation (diet containing .9% total lysine, 1.0% Ca, and .8% P) on sow and litter performance. No improvements in the number of pigs or litter weights at weaning were observed (P>.10). Sows fed added L-carnitine had increased weight loss (linear; P<.04), but no differences (P>.10) were observed in last rib fat depth change or subsequent reproductive performance. In Exp. 3, first-parity sows (n = 107 PIC C15) were fed a diet with or without 50 ppm of added L-carnitine during lactation (diet containing 1.0% total lysine). Sows fed added L-carnitine tended (P<.10) to have fewer stillborn and mummified pigs than controls (.42 vs .81 pigs). No differences were observed for litter weaning weight, survivability, or subsequent farrowing performance. Feeding 50 to 200 ppm of added L-carnitine during lactation had little effect on sow and litter performance.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Evaluation of enzymatically modified potato starches in diets for weanling pigs.

We conducted three growth trials to evaluate replacing carbohydrate sources with enzymatically modified potato starches in diets for weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 180 pigs (initially 5.3 kg and 21+/-2 d of age) were used to compare the effects of corn (36.5%), edible-grade oat flour (36.5%), two enzymatically modified potato starches (12%), and added lactose (12%) on pig performance. Potato Starch 1 had a dextrose equivalent (DE) of 6 and Potato Starch 2 had a DE of 20; both were spray-dried maltodextrans. Pigs that were fed Potato Starch 2 had greater (P<.05) ADG and ADFI than pigs fed diets that contained corn or oat flour from d 0 to 14 after weaning, and pigs fed either Potato Starch 1 or added lactose had intermediate ADG and ADFI. However, for the overall trial (d 0 to 35), no differences (P>.10) in growth performance were observed. In Exp. 2, 198 pigs (initially 4.3 kg and 19+/-2 d of age) were used to determine whether modified Potato Starch 2 could replace a portion of the corn or lactose in the diet. The control diet contained 10% dried whey, and additional treatments were formulated by adding 7 or 14% modified Potato Starch 2 or lactose in place of corn. A positive control diet was formulated containing 29% dried whey. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, increasing dietary lactose improved (linear, P<.04) ADG and ADFI. Increasing the potato starch had no effect on ADG but increased ADFI (linear, P<.02). In Exp. 3, 180 pigs (initially 3.9 kg and 14+/-3 d of age) were used to evaluate Potato Starch 2 or 3 (DE = 30, a spray-dried glucose syrup) as replacements for either corn or lactose in the diet. Pigs were fed a control diet containing 15% dried whey and 12% added lactose. Twelve percent modified Potato Starch 2 or 3 replaced either corn or lactose in the diet on a wt/wt basis. From d 0 to 14 and d 0 to 21, pigs fed either modified potato starch substituted for corn had greater (P<.07) ADG than those fed the control diet. Pigs fed diets with either modified starch substituted for lactose had similar ADG as those fed the control diet. These results suggest that when substituted for corn, Potato Starch 2 can improve growth performance of weanling pigs.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1998

Evaluation of potato proteins on the growth performance of early-weaned pigs.

We conducted five experiments to evaluate conventional and low-glycoalkaloid potato protein (CPP and LGPP, respectively) in diets for early-weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 150 weanling pigs (initially 4.4 +/- .9 kg and 15.5 +/- 2 d of age) were fed either a control diet containing 3% spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) or diets with additional SDAP (2.5 or 5% added; 5.5 or 8% total) or CPP (2.6% or 5.1%) substituted on a total lysine basis. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, increasing SDAP increased (linear, P < .05) ADG and ADFI, whereas increasing CCP had no effect on growth performance. In Exp. 2, 180 weanling pigs (initially 5.9 +/- 1.2 kg and 20 +/- 2 d of age) were fed diets containing a LGPP replacing 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the 7% dietary SDAP on a digestible lysine basis. From d 0 to 7 after weaning, increasing LGPP increased and then returned to control levels ADG and ADFI (quadratic, P < .01) and gain:feed ratio (quadratic, P < .05). In Exp. 3, 175 weanling pigs (initially 5.5 +/- 1.1 kg and 20 +/- 3 d of age) were fed either a control diet containing 20% dried whey, 17.5% dried skim milk, and 4% select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) or diets consisting of lactose and either 3.5 and 7.0% SDAP or 4.0 and 8.0% LGPP added at the expense of dried skim milk on a digestible lysine basis. From d 0 to 7 after weaning, ADG and ADFI increased (linear, P < .05) with increasing SDAP. With increasing LGPP, ADG and ADFI increased and then decreased (quadratic, P < .10 and P < .05, respectively). Gain:feed ratio (G/F) was not affected by SDAP and was improved (linear, P < .05) for pigs fed increasing LGPP. In Exp. 4, 270 weanling pigs (initially 6.2 +/- 1.6 kg and 20 +/- 3 d of age) were used to compare three diets that contained either 2.5% spray-dried blood meal (SDBM), 4.8% SMFM, or 3.92% CPP; test feedstuffs were substituted on a total lysine basis and diets were fed from d 7 to 28 after weaning. Pigs fed CPP had decreased (P < .05) ADG and G/F compared with those fed the other protein sources. In Exp. 5, 255 weanling pigs (initially 5.3 +/- 1.2 kg and 17 +/- 2 d of age), were used to compare five diets that contained either 2.5% SDBM, 5.51% SMFM, 4.17% CPP, 4.17% LGPP or 8.34% LGPP; feedstuffs were substituted on a digestible lysine basis and diets were fed from d 7 to 28 after weaning. No differences (P > .10) were observed in growth performance among pigs fed any of the protein sources within the experiment. However, pigs fed the LGPP had numerically greater ADG and better G/F than those fed CPP. In conclusion, these results suggest that LGPP can be an effective replacement for a portion of the SDAP in diets for weanling pigs.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1998

The effects of extrusion processing of carbohydrate sources on weanling pig performance.

Three experiments were conducted to study the effects of extrusion processing on growth performance of weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 350 weanling pigs (initially 4.4 +/- 1.0 kg BW and 10 +/- 2 d of age) were used to study the effects of various carbohydrate sources (corn, cornstarch, broken rice, wheat flour, and grain sorghum), with or without moist extrusion processing, on growth performance in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. No carbohydrate source x extrusion processing interactions were observed (P > .10). Growth performance was not affected by extrusion processing; however, pigs fed corn had poorer growth performance (P < .05) than those fed other carbohydrate sources. In Exp. 2, 360 weanling pigs (initially 5.0 +/- .5 kg BW and 10 +/- 2 d of age) were used to determine the interactive effects of ingredient processing and diet complexity on growth performance. Three processing combinations were used with either a simple or complex diet formulation in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The three processing conditions were 1) pelleted only (control); 2) corn that was moist-extruded and then the complete diet was pelleted (extruded); or 3) the complete diet was expanded and then pelleted (expanded). Pigs fed extruded diets had a greater improvement in ADG as diet complexity increased than those fed other diets (processing x diet complexity interaction, P < .10). Pigs fed moist-extruded corn had the best growth performance (P < .01). In Exp. 3, 210 weanling pigs (initially 6.8 +/- 1.5 kg BW and 21 +/- 2 d of age) were fed pelleted diets containing nonextruded corn (14.5% gelatinization; control) or corn extruded to provide 38.7, 52.7, 64.4, or 89.3% gelatinization. Average daily gain and ADFI decreased and then increased (P < .05), but apparent digestibility of DM, CP, and energy (P < .01) increased and then decreased with increasing gelatinization. These results indicate that moist extrusion processing of carbohydrate sources has variable effects on growth performance of early-weaned pigs and that the degree of gelatinization does not seem to be a major factor in explaining this variation.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1998

Influence of dietary lysine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of late-finishing gilts.

We conducted two experiments evaluating the lysine requirement of 91- to 113-kg gilts. Gilts (PIC L326 x C-22) with initial body weights of 42 (Exp. 1) or 39 kg (Exp. 2) were blocked by weight in a randomized complete block design. Experiment 1 included 105 gilts, with seven gilts per pen and five replications (pens) per treatment. Experiment 2 included 125 gilts, with eight gilts per pen and four replications (pens) per treatment. Gilts were fed a corn-soybean meal diet (no crystalline lysine) containing 1.0% total lysine from 39 to 68 kg and .80% total lysine from 68 to 91 kg. In Exp. 1, when the average weight of gilts within a block reached 91 kg, gilts were fed corn-soybean meal diets containing .40, .55, or .70% total lysine. Increasing dietary lysine increased (linear, P < .05) ADG, daily lysine intake (11.3, 15.1, and 19.8 g/d), gain/feed, plasma urea N, and carcass lean percentage but decreased 10th rib fat depth. Because of the linear responses in Exp. 1, Exp. 2 was conducted with corn-soybean meal diets containing .60, .70, .80, or .90% total lysine. Increasing total dietary lysine had no effect on ADG, gain/feed, 10th rib fat depth, or carcass lean percentage (P > .10). Daily lysine intake increased (linear, P < .01) with increasing dietary lysine (18.1, 21.1, 23.9, 26.5 g/d). Based on these results, the total dietary lysine requirement for 91- to 113-kg gilts is approximately .60% total lysine, which corresponds to approximately 18 g/d lysine intake.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1998

Influence of dietary total sulfur amino acids and methionine on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing gilts.

We conducted three experiments to determine the sulfur amino acid (SAA) and methionine requirements of finishing gilts. Gilts (PIC Line 326 x C-15, Exp. 1; Line 326 x C-22, Exp. 2 and 3) were blocked by initial weight in randomized complete block designs. In Exp. 1, 64 gilts (initially 54 kg) were fed diets containing either .56 or .44% apparent digestible lysine with increasing SAA levels (63, 70, and 77% of apparent digestible lysine) in a 2 x 3 factorial. A lysine x SAA interaction (P < .10) was observed for ADG and ADFI. Increasing SAA:lysine ratios from 63 to 70% in diets containing .56% apparent digestible lysine increased ADG and ADFI; however, increasing the SAA:lysine ratio in diets containing .44% apparent digestible lysine decreased ADG and ADFI. Pigs fed .56% apparent digestible lysine had higher (P < .05) ADG and gain:feed ratio (G/F) and lower 10th rib fat depth than pigs fed .44% apparent digestible lysine. Increasing the SAA:lysine ratio had no effect on G/F or carcass characteristics. In Exp. 2, 80 gilts (initially 74 kg) were fed diets containing .225, .25, .275, .30, or .325% apparent digestible SAA (45, 50, 55, 60, or 65% of .50% apparent digestible lysine, respectively). Increasing SAA concentrations decreased ADG and G/F (linear, P < .06). In Exp. 3, 105 gilts (initially 72 kg) were fed diets containing .20% apparent digestible cystine and .10, .125, or .15% apparent digestible methionine (20, 25, or 30% of .50% apparent digestible lysine). Increasing digestible methionine increased ADG, ADFI, plasma methionine concentrations (linear, P < .01), and G/F (quadratic, P < .03). The greatest increases in ADG and G/F were observed when apparent digestible methionine was increased from .10 to .125%. Based on these results, the apparent digestible methionine requirement is no greater than 25% of apparent digestible lysine, in diets containing excess cystine. This equates to an apparent digestible SAA:lysine ratio that is no greater than 50%.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of spray-dried animal plasma and select menhaden fish meal in transition diets of pigs weaned at 12 to 14 days of age and reared in different production systems.

We conducted two experiments with pigs weaned at 12 to 14 d of age to evaluate the effects of adding spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) and select menhaden fish meal (SMFM) to the diets fed from 5 to 19 (Exp. 1) and 7 to 21 d (Exp. 2) after weaning. This 14-d period represents the transition from the nutrient-dense diet fed to all pigs after weaning to the simpler corn-soybean meal-based diet fed to all pigs for an additional 14 (Exp. 1) or 7 d (Exp. 2) after the experimental period. Pigs averaged 5 kg at the start of the experimental period. In Exp. 1, pigs had a high health status and were weaned to an off-site nursery (SEW) and fed 12 experimental diets in a 3 (0, 2.5, or 5% SDAP) x 4 (0, 2.5, 5, or 7.5% SMFM) factorial arrangement. Diets were formulated to contain 1.6% lysine and contained 20% dried whey, 5% soybean oil, and 2.5% spray-dried blood meal. The SDAP and(or) SMFM replaced corn and soybean meal on an equal lysine basis. Average daily gain and ADFI were not affected by treatment during any period of the experiment. Gain:feed was improved by the addition of SDAP (linear, P < .05) and SMFM (linear, P < .07) during the period from 5 to 19 d. Over the 33-d experiment, SDAP and SMFM improved (linear, P < .05) gain:feed. In Exp. 2, pigs were weaned on-site to an all-in/all-out by room nursery and fed diets identical to those fed in Exp. 1, with 0 or 2.5% SDAP and 0, 2.5, or 5% SMFM in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. The addition of 2.5% SDAP improved ADG and gain:feed during the period from 7 to 14 d (P < .05) and 0 to 28 d (P < .10), but not over the period from 7 to 21 d. The addition of SMFM did not affect ADG during any period, but it resulted in a quadratic improvement in gain:feed during the periods from 7 to 14 (P < .05) and 7 to 21 (P < .10) d. These results suggest that high-health SEW pigs respond less to SDAP and SMFM in the transition diet than pigs with a lower health status reared in an on-site nursery. The data further suggest that formulation of transition diets should consider the type of production system if pig performance and diet cost are to be optimized.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of the interrelationships among lactose and protein sources in diets for segregated early-weaned pigs.

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the interactions among lactose and protein sources in diets for segregated early-weaned pigs. In Exp. 1, 360 barrows (initially 5.3 kg and 19 +/- 2 d of age) were fed diets containing crystalline lactose (0, 20, and 40%), spray-dried animal plasma (0 and 7.5%), and soybean meal (0 and 20%) in a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. We used a blend of select menhaden fish meal and casein to replace the lysine provided by soybean meal or animal plasma. Diets contained 1.7% total lysine and were fed from d 0 to 14 after weaning. Pigs were fed a common diet from d 14 to 34. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, ADG and ADFI increased with increasing dietary lactose when the diet contained soybean meal but decreased when soybean meal was not in the diet (lactose x soybean meal, P < .05 and .10, respectively). Pigs fed animal plasma had increased (P < .05) ADG and ADFI from d 0 to 14 but decreased (P < .05) ADG from d 14 to 34. In Exp. 2, 324 barrows (initially 3.7 kg and 10 +/- 2 d of age) were fed diets from d 0 to 10 similar to those used in Exp. 1 with the exception that extruded soy protein concentrate replaced the lysine provided by soybean meal or animal plasma. From d 0 to 10 after weaning, increasing lactose improved (linear, P < .05) ADG and ADFI, and pigs fed animal plasma had higher ADFI (P < .05). In conclusion, soybean meal had no negative effect on ADG; however, animal plasma and lactose increased ADG and ADFI for pigs weaned between 10 and 19 d of age.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

Effects of substituting deproteinized whey and(or) crystalline lactose for dried whey on weanling pig performance.

We conducted two trials to determine the effects of replacing the lactose provided by spray-dried, edible-grade whey with edible-grade deproteinized whey or crystalline lactose on pig performance. In Exp. 1, 180 weanling pigs (initially 4.1 kg and 22 +/- 4 d of age) were allotted randomly to dietary treatments containing 18% lactose supplied by 1) 25% dried whey, 2) 12.5% dried whey and 9% crystalline lactose, 3) 18% crystalline lactose, 4) 12.5% dried whey and 10.9% deproteinized whey, or 5) 21.7% deproteinized whey. Casein was used to replace the lysine provided by dried whey in diets containing lactose and deproteinized whey. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, no differences (P > .10) were observed in ADG or ADFI. Pigs fed diets containing 18% crystalline lactose or 21% deproteinized whey had a higher (P < .05) gain:feed ratio (G/F) than did pigs fed diets containing 25% dried whey or 12.5% dried whey and 9% lactose. In addition, pigs fed diets containing 21% deproteinized whey had increased G/F compared to pigs fed the diet containing 10.9% deproteinized whey and 12.5% dried whey. In Exp. 2, 344 pigs (initially 4.4 kg and 14 +/- 2 d of age) were fed dietary treatments based on four sources of crystalline lactose replacing the lactose provided by dried whey in the positive control diet (20% dried whey). In addition, a negative control diet was formulated with 7.2% crystalline lactose. Casein was used to replace the lysine provided by dried whey. From d 0 to 14 after weaning, no differences (P > . 10) were observed in performance. However, pigs initially fed the positive control diet subsequently (d 14 to 28) consumed more feed than pigs fed the negative control diet. These results indicate that edible-grade deproteinized whey and crystalline lactose can replace the lactose provided by high-quality dried whey without affecting pig performance.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

Effects of somatotropin and salbutamol in three genotypes of finishing barrows: growth, carcass, and calorimeter criteria.

We evaluated the combined use of 0 or 4 mg/d of recombinant porcine somatotropin (pST) and 0 or 2.75 ppm salbutamol in three genotypes of growing barrows (139 d old) differing in lean and lipid accretion potential. Treatments were in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, and the three genotypes tested were Meishan (M, n = 32, 49 kg), Duroc x White composite (D x Wc, n = 31, 62 kg), and Meishan x White composite (M x Wc, n = 31, 64 kg) pigs. Growth performance was evaluated over 28 d for individual pigs, and 20-h feed-deprived heat production was measured before slaughter (d 34). Daily pST injection increased ADG (+70 g/d) and reduced ADFI (-.61 kg/d) across genotypes (P < .05). Salbutamol increased (P < .05) ADG in M x Wc pigs (+146 g/d) but not in M pigs (-60 g/d) or D x Wc (+80 g/d) pigs. However, M pigs had the lowest ADG and ADFI, and M x Wc pigs not treated with salbutamol grew slower than D x Wc pigs (P < .05). Carcass protein and moisture accretion were additively (P < .05) increased by pST and salbutamol for D x Wc and M x Wc pigs. Meishan pigs had increased carcass protein and moisture accretion from pST, whereas only moisture accretion was increased by salbutamol (P < .05). The longissimus muscle area and semitendinosus weight increased as the percentage of M in the genotype decreased (P < .05), and both were increased by pST or salbutamol treatment (P < .001). Leaf fat was decreased more (P < .05) in M pigs than in D x Wc or M x Wc pigs with pST injection. The similar magnitude of leaf fat reduction between D x Wc and M x Wc pigs resulted in a mean genotype difference (P < .05), and salbutamol decreased leaf fat across genotypes. Oxygen consumption and heat production were increased by pST in M pigs more than in the crossbred genotypes, but CO2 production was reduced by similar magnitudes across genotypes, and salbutamol only tended to reduce CO2 production in D x Wc pigs. In general, these data indicate that pST and salbutamol result in additive increases in carcass lean composition; however, growth rate, carcass accretion, and various organ weights may vary among genotypes with salbutamol and pST treatment.

Albuterol↗

PubMed1997

Effects of somatotropin and salbutamol in three genotypes of finishing barrows: blood hormones and metabolites and muscle characteristics.

We evaluated the effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin (pST) and the beta-adrenergic agonist salbutamol on plasam endocrine and metabolite profiles and muscle chemistry in three genotypes of growing barrows (n = 96, 139 d old). Treatments were in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, and main effects were pST (0 or 4 mg/d) and salbutamol (0 or 2.75 ppm); the three genotypes including purebred Meishan (M), 1/4 Duroc, 3/4 White composite (D x Wc), and 1/4 Meishan, 3/4 White composite (M x Wc). Individual pigs were injected daily with buffer or pST at 0700 and allowed ad libitum access to a corn-soybean meal diet (1.2% lysine) and water for 33 d. Plasma was obtained 4 h after injection and 3 h postprandially on d 0, 14, and 28 for determination of growth hormone (GH), insulin, IGF-I, glucose, urea N (PUN), NEFA, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Longissimus and semitendinosus samples were obtained, and protein, RNA, and DNA were quantified and loin chop shear force was measured. In general, plasma hormones and metabolites on d 14 and 28 were not affected by salbutamol in the absence of pST, although salbutamol tended to increase d 14 and 28 GH concentrations. Salbutamol lowered plasma IGF-I (d 14 and 28, P < .05), insulin (d 14, P < .01), and NEFA (d 28, P = .07) when pST was administered, although concentrations still exceeded those for control pigs. Salbutamol reduced (P < .05) IGF-I in M and M x Wc pigs, and GH was not changed in M pigs. Meishan pigs had a greater increase in glucose with pST than M x Wc or D x Wc pigs, although the effect was not consistent over time. Individual treatment with pST caused GH, insulin, IGF-I, glucose, NEFA, and triglycerides to be increased and PUN to be decreased on d 14 and 28. Cholesterol on d 14 and 28 was decreased by pST in M pigs, whereas no effects were found in the other genotypes. Muscle protein and RNA were increased by salbutamol and were consistently lowest for M pigs. Furthermore, pST did not affect muscle protein, but it increased RNA more in M pigs than in the others. Overall, pST and salbutamol seemed to act separately and by different mechanisms to alter muscle composition, but blood criteria generally representing fat metabolism (insulin, glucose, NEFA, triglycerides) were interactively affected. Meishan pigs tended to have greater changes in muscle and plasma composition with pST treatment than did M x Wc or D x Wc pigs.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗

PubMed1997

The effect of dietary lysine and valine fed during lactation on sow and litter performance.

Sows (98 first parity and 104 second parity) were used to determine the effects of dietary lysine and valine on lactation performance. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial with two levels of lysine (.80 or 1.20%) and three valine:lysine ratios (80, 100, or 120% of lysine). For all sows, increasing dietary lysine increased litter weaning weight (P < .001) and litter weight gain (P < .002) and reduced sow weight loss (P < .001). Litter weight gain tended (P = .22) to increase with increasing dietary valine, but the increase was not significant. Data were separated into two groups: sows that weaned 10 or more pigs and sows that weaned fewer than 10 pigs. For sows that weaned 10 or more pigs, litter weaning weight (P < .001) and litter weight gain (P < .001) increased and sow BW loss decreased (P < .001) when dietary lysine increased from .80 to 1.20%. For sows that weaned fewer than 10 pigs, increasing lysine had no effect (P < .77) on litter growth rate. For sows weaning 10 or more pigs, litter weaning weights (linear, P < .04; quadratic, P < .06) and litter weight gain increased (linear, P < .04; quadratic, P < .02) as dietary valine increased. For sows that weaned fewer than 10 pigs, maximum litter weight gain was observed at a valine:lysine ratio of 100% (quadratic, P < .13). These results demonstrate the need to increase dietary lysine and valine as litter weaning weights increase. High-producing sows that wean 10 or more pigs require increased dietary lysine and valine to maximize litter growth rate and minimize sow weight loss compared with sows weaning fewer than 10 pigs. The independent increases in litter weaning weights from adding lysine and valine suggest separate modes of action for these amino acids in high-producing sows.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Effects of the interrelationship between zinc oxide and copper sulfate on growth performance of early-weaned pigs.

We conducted four experiments to examine the effects of adding zinc oxide (ZnO) and(or) copper sulfate (CuSO4) to diets for weanling pigs. In Exp. 1 and 2, weanling pigs (initially 5.3 kg and 19 +/- 2 d of age) were fed diets containing 250 ppm of added Cu (CuSO4) and either 110 or 3,110 ppm of added. Zn (ZnO). No differences (P > .10) were observed in either experiment for ADG, ADFI, or feed efficiency (G:F). In Exp. 3,240 pigs (initially 4.45 kg and 15 +/- 2 d of age) were used to determine the interactive effects of added dietary ZnO and(or) CuSO4. Dietary treatments were in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement; Zn (165 or 3,000 ppm) and Cu (16.5 or 250 ppm) were the main effects. Pigs were fed a high nutrient dense diet from d 0 to 14 after weaning and a less complex diet from d 14 to 28 after weaning, both containing the same mineral fortifications. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed 3,000 ppm Zn, with or without 250 ppm Cu, had improved ADG (P < .01) compared with pigs fed the control (16.5 ppm Cu and 165 ppm Zn) or diets with only added Cu. From d 14 to 28, pigs fed the diet containing 3,000 ppm added Zn, without 250 ppm Cu, had greater ADG than pigs fed the other diets (Zn x Cu interaction, P < .01). In Exp. 4, 264 pigs (initially 4.17 kg and 12 +/- 3 d of age) were fed a high nutrient dense diet supplemented with 3,000 ppm of Zn (ZnO) from d 0 to 14 after weaning. On d 14, pigs were switched to the diets containing experimental mineral levels identical to those of Exp. 3. From d 14 to 28 after weaning, added Zn improved ADG but not when the diet contained 250 ppm Cu (Zn x Cu interaction, P < .05). Feeding 3,000 ppm of Zn from ZnO is a viable means of improving nursery pig performance, but additive responses to growth-promotant levels of CuSO4 (250 ppm Cu) were not observed.

Aging↗

PubMed1997

Increasing valine, isoleucine, and total branched-chain amino acids for lactating sows.

One hundred eighty-five (n = 24 to 27/group; average parity 1.3) sows (PIC, Line C-15) were used to evaluate effects of the interrelationship between isoleucine and valine on sow and litter performance. Diets were formulated to .90% total lysine with all amino acids other than isoleucine and valine at least 110% of their suggested requirement estimate relative to lysine using ratios derived from the National and Agricultural Research Councils. The control diet was formulated to .50% isoleucine and .72% valine. L-Valine and L-isoleucine replaced cornstarch to provide .72 or 1.07% dietary valine, and .50, .85, or 1.20% isoleucine. A seventh diet contained .50% isoleucine and 1.42% valine. Mean litter size after cross-fostering was 11.1 pigs, and average lactation length was 20.3 d. No valine x isoleucine interactions were observed (P > .10) for most response criteria. Number of pigs weaned (mean = 10.9), sow feed intake (mean = 6.13 kg), and lysine intake (mean = 55 g/d) were not affected by dietary isoleucine or valine. Litter weight and weight gain at weaning increased as dietary valine (P < .07), isoleucine (linear, P < .07), and total branched-chain amino acids (linear, P < .02) increased. Twelve sows per treatment (84 total) were milked manually on either d 17 or 18 of lactation. Increasing dietary valine increased milk DM and fat (linear, P < .01). Milk DM, CP, and fat increased (linear, P < .002) as dietary isoleucine increased. The casein fraction of milk protein increased (linear, P < .01) and whey and nonprotein N fractions decreased (linear, P < .06, P < .01, respectively) as dietary isoleucine increased. Based on these results, valine and isoleucine increased litter weights. The independent increases in litter weaning weights from adding valine and isoleucine suggest separate modes of action in lactating sows.

Amino Acids↗