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Biomedical subjects

R E Bailey

Publications and source records attributed to R E Bailey.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Antihistamines and/or decongestants for otitis media with effusion (OME) in children.

BACKGROUND: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is common and may cause hearing loss with associated developmental delay. Treatment remains controversial. The effectiveness of antihistamines, decongestants and antihistamine/decongestant combinations in promoting the resolution of effusions has been assessed by randomized controlled trials. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review is to determine whether antihistamine, decongestant, or combination therapy is effective in treating children who present with OME. SEARCH STRATEGY: The Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1 2006), EMBASE (1974 to 2006), MEDLINE (1951 to 2006) and a gray literature database were searched using a search strategy created by an experienced medical librarian. The date of the last search was March 2006. Reference lists from included studies and relevant reviews were searched by hand; pharmaceutical manufacturers of antihistamines and decongestants and first authors of included studies were contacted to identify other potentially relevant studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using antihistamines, decongestants or antihistamine/decongestant combinations as treatment for OME in children were selected. We excluded trials that randomized on the basis of acute otitis media (AOM) even though OME was also studied in follow up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted from the published reports by two authors independently using standardized data extraction forms and methods. The methodological quality of the included studies was independently assessed by two authors. Dichotomous results were expressed as a relative risk with 95% confidence intervals using a fixed-effect model when homogeneous and a random-effects model when heterogeneous. Nearly all outcomes analysed were homogeneous. Continuous results were discussed qualitatively. Statistical analysis was conducted using RevMan software. MAIN RESULTS: No statistical or clinical benefit was found for any of the interventions or outcomes studied. However, treated study subjects experienced 11% more side effects than untreated subjects (number needed to treat to harm = 9). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Because the pooled data demonstrate no benefit and some harm from the use of antihistamines or decongestants alone or in combination in the management of OME, we recommend against their use.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Global hexachlorobenzene emissions.

Information from a variety of sources has been assembled to give a global picture of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) emissions in the mid 1990s. No single overwhelming source of HCB was identified. The best estimates of global HCB emissions from different categories of sources are as follows: pesticides application - 6500 kg/yr; manufacturing - 9500 kg/yr; combustion - 7000 kg/yr, includes 500 kg from biomass burning. This adds up to total current HCB emissions of approximately 23,000 kg/yr with an estimated range 12,000-92,000 kg/yr. A substantial portion of HCB measured in the atmosphere is thought to come from volatilization of "old" HCB on the soil from past contamination along with unidentified sources. No information on potential sources in developing countries was available.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry for bioanalytical determination of (R)- and (S)-ketoprofen in human plasma following automated 96-well solid-phase extraction.

The popularity of packed-column supercritical fluid, subcritical fluid, and enhanced fluidity liquid chromatographies (pcSFC) for enantiomeric separations has increased steadily over the past few years. The addition of a significant amount (typically 20-95%) of a viscosity lowering agent, such as carbon dioxide, to the mobile phase provides a number of advantages for chiral separations. For example, higher mobile-phase flow rates can often be attained without a concomitant loss in chromatographic efficiency since diffusion coefficients, and optimum velocities, are typically higher in pcSFC. Ultratrace enantioselective quantitation of drugs in biomatrixes is an ideal application for these chromatographic attributes. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, a pcSFC tandem mass spectrometry (pcSFC-MS/MS) method was compared to a LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of ketoprofen (kt), a potent nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug, in human plasma. After preparation using automated solid-phase extraction in the 96-well format, kt enantiomers were separated on a Chirex 3005 analytical column using isocratic conditions. Validation data and study sample data from patients dosed with either orally or topically administered ketoprofen were generated using both pcSFC and LC as the chromatographic methods to compare and contrast these analytical approaches. Generally, most analytical attributes, including specificity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and ruggedness, for both of these methods were comparable with the exception that the pcSFC separation provided a roughly 3-fold reduction in analysis time. A 2.3-min pcSFC separation and a 6.5-min LC separation provided equivalent, near-baseline-resolved peaks, demonstrating a significant time savings for analysis of large batch pharmacokinetic samples using pcSFC.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2000

Determination of (R)- and (S)-ketoprofen in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry following automated solid-phase extraction in the 96-well format.

A sensitive and selective method was developed for the determination of (R)-ketoprofen ((R)-kt) and (S)-ketoprofen ((S)-kt) in human plasma using chiral liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Plasma samples spiked with stable-isotope-labeled [(13)C(1), (2)H(3)]-(R and S)-ketoprofen, for use as the internal standards, were prepared for analysis using automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) in the 96-well microtiter format. The enantiomers were separated on an (R)-1-naphthylglycine and 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (Chirex 3005) 250x2.0 mm i.d. analytical column, equipped with a 30x2.0 mm i.d. guard column using isocratic mobile phase conditions. The (R)- and (S)-kt levels were quantifiable from 0.05 to 2500 ng ml(-1) by constructing two separate curves from calibration standards covering the same range. The first curve ranged from 0.05 to 100 and the second from 100 to 2500 ng ml(-1). A concentration of 0.05 ng ml(-1) of either enantiomer was easily detected using a 1 ml plasma sample volume. The average method accuracy, evaluated at four levels over an extended period, was better than +/-3% over the entire range. The precision for the same set of quality control samples ranged from 4.0 to 7.0 % RSD (n = 24). The method was applied to the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters in human plasma obtained from volunteers who received 25 mg of kt by peroral administration of Actron caplets or by topical administration of Oruvail gel.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗
PubMed2000

Rapid bioanalytical determination of dextromethorphan in canine plasma by dilute-and-shoot preparation combined with one minute per sample LC-MS/MS analysis to optimize formulations for drug delivery.

The determination of dextromethorphan in canine plasma is used to demonstrate the high throughput bioanalytical approach of automated dilute-and-shoot (DAS) sample preparation followed by a 1 min isocratic liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Dilute-and-shoot preparation is commonly used for the determination of drugs in several biological matrices such as urine and saliva, but is not typically used with plasma samples because the amount of protein present in plasma can lead to a variety of problems including column failure. As a result, plasma sample preparation usually removes protein by precipitation, extraction or filtration; however, the dilute-and-shoot approach solubilizes proteins throughout the chromatographic portion of the assay. The attributes of this approach are compared with a previously validated liquid/liquid extraction procedure for determination of dextromethorphan in plasma. Accuracy and precision of both methods are similar. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of the dilute-and-shoot approach is much higher at 2 ng/ml versus 5 pg/ml with the liquid/liquid extraction; however, the sample throughput of the preparation portion of the dilute-and-shoot approach is more than 50-fold greater. The ruggedness of the dilute-and-shoot method was thoroughly investigated because of the problems traditionally associated with the direct injection of diluted plasma onto an LC-MS/MS instrument. With the optimal conditions, greater than 1,000 injections of diluted plasma have been successfully performed on a single column in less than 19 h making this technique an excellent approach for the rapid preparation and high throughput of plasma samples containing drug levels in the ng/ml range or higher. Application of this methodology to measure the levels of dextromethorphan in canine plasma to evaluate drug delivery from various formulations is also presented.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The impact of real wage and mortality fluctuations on fertility and nuptiality in precensus England.

"This paper explores the responses of fertility and nuptiality to fluctuations in real wages and mortality that can be inferred from annual series of English historical data over the period 1542 to 1800. The paper begins with a review of the time series properties of the data and summarizes the long-term equilibrium relationships identified in previous work.... An investigation is made of the impact of shocks to real wages and mortality on demographic variables as measured by generalized impulse responses and persistence profiles."

Demography↗
PubMed1997

Predisposing factors for individuals' Lyme disease prevention practices: Connecticut, Maine, and Montana.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined factors that predispose individuals to protect against Lyme disease. METHODS: Knowledge, attitude, and practice questions concerning Lyme disease prevention were included in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance surveys in Connecticut, Maine, and Montana. A total of 4246 persons were interviewed. RESULTS: Perceived risk of acquiring Lyme disease, knowing anyone with Lyme disease, knowledge about Lyme disease, and believing Lyme disease to be a common problem were significantly associated with prevention practices. CONCLUSIONS: Predisposing factors differ substantially between states and appear related to disease incidence. Personal risk, knowing someone with Lyme disease, and cognizance about Lyme disease and acting on this information are consistent with social learning theories.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease: accuracy of a two-step approach using a flagella-based ELISA and immunoblotting.

An ELISA containing a purified flagellar antigen from Borrelia burgdorferi (FLA-ELISA) was evaluated. The FLA-ELISA, detecting IgM and IgG together, did not have adequate specificity by itself. Good accuracy was obtained, however, when the FLA-ELISA was the first step in a two-step protocol that used immunoblotting as a conditional second test. Samples that scored positive or equivocal by the FLA-ELISA were evaluated with separate IgM and IgG immunoblots. The sensitivity of the two-step process for patients with erythema migrans or with later manifestations of Lyme disease was 64% and 100%, respectively. The specificity for health blood donors was 100% and was 90% for the aggregate of all persons with illness that may cause serologic cross-reactivity (98% if the samples from relapsing fever patients were excluded). Test precision was 96% overall, 99% for Lyme disease case serum samples, 100% for specimens from blood donors, and 88% for samples from persons with other illness.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1994

Diagnosis and treatment of infectious mononucleosis.

Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and most commonly affects young adults from 15 to 35 years of age. The diagnosis is made by accurate assessment of clinical, hematologic and serologic manifestations of the illness. Manifestations include the classic triad of fever, pharyngitis and cervical lymphadenopathy; lymphocytosis with a predominance of atypical lymphocytes; a positive heterophil (Monospot) antibody test; and in some cases, serologic evidence of EBV-specific antibodies produced against antigens related to the virus. The most valuable serologic finding is the presence of IgM antibody to EBV viral capsid antigen, which is found during acute primary EBV infection. Infectious mononucleosis is considered a self-limited illness, but it may result in serious complications involving the pulmonary, ophthalmologic, neurologic and hematologic systems. Treatment is focused on managing the symptoms, unless more severe disease involving other organ systems occurs. The most common potentially fatal complication is splenic rupture.

Convalescence↗
PubMed1993

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE): a description of the 1989 outbreak, recent epidemiologic trends, and the association of rainfall with EEE occurrence.

An Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) outbreak in 1989 led to nine human and 196 equine cases, chiefly in coastal Atlantic and Gulf Coast counties. In the past two decades, EEE age-specific incidence and mortality rates have declined compared with earlier years. Analysis of rainfall patterns in areas where human EEE cases occurred between 1983 and 1989 revealed an association between occurrence of human cases and excess rainfall. The association was stronger with data from local weather stations than from statewide rainfall averages and the predictive models were best when applied to northern states. The sensitivity and specificity of these measures varied, depending on the model used, but the positive predictive value was no better than 50%, regardless of the rainfall model applied.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Long-term demographic interactions in precensus England.

"Modern time series methods are applied to the analysis of annual demographic data for England, 1541-1800. Evidence is found of non-stationarity in the series and of co-integration among the series. Building on economic models of historical demography, optimal inferential procedures are implemented to estimate the structural parameters of long-term equilibria among the variables. Evidence is found for a small, but significant, Malthusian 'preventive check' as well as interactions between fertility, mortality and nuptiality that are consistent with the predictions often made in demographic studies. Tentative experiments to detect the influence of environmental factors fail to reveal any significant impact on the estimates obtained."

Demography↗
PubMed1990

Apparent influence of the stage of blood meal digestion on the efficacy of ground applied ULV aerosols for the control of urban Culex mosquitoes. III. Results of a computer simulation.

When posttreatment response to ultra low volume (ULV) application of insecticide has been followed for periods approaching a week, a damped oscillation in oviposition rates is observed, probably because females who have been recently blood-fed are more resistant to insecticides than their unfed siblings. We describe a simple model (ULVSIM) that incorporates physiologic changes in insecticide susceptibility and accounts for much of our field data. The model follows 30 cohorts over 30 days following insecticidal treatment. Multiple treatments or short-term residual activity can be evaluated. The model predicts that oviposition will follow a pattern of damped oscillations after an adulticidal treatment. The model gave a good fit to oviposition data obtained in 2 field trials of resmethrin for 7 to 9 days after treatment. It can be used to evaluate the effect of single and multiple treatments on the total female Culex population and on numbers of infected females surviving for different periods following an infective blood meal.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1990

Aedes albopictus and other container-inhabiting mosquitoes in the United States: results of an eight-city survey.

Extensive surveys were conducted in 1987 in Baytown, TX; Lafayette, Shreveport and Baton Rouge, LA; Memphis, TN; Kansas City, MO; Evansville, IN; and Jacksonville, FL. The program objective was to determine the intensity of Aedes albopictus infestations, to evaluate the degree to which Ae. albopictus had spread into residential areas, to document habitat selection and to obtain background information for possible suppression or eradication projects. This report describes the survey methods and presents a preliminary analysis of the data. Larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes were collected from container habitats in a randomized selection of urban premises as well as at and around sites known to be at high risk for introduction of Ae. albopictus. Adult or larval mosquitoes were collected from 24.4% of 5,728 premises inspected, and there were an average of 3.27 positive containers per positive premise. Several known disease vectors, especially Culex pipiens (s.l.), were frequently found in urban container habitats. The large numbers of specimens collected during the surveys and the detailed information available for each collection make this a useful database for comparison in future studies.

Aedes↗
PubMed1989

National surveillance of Lyme disease, 1987-1988.

In 1987 and 1988, 6876 Lyme disease cases from 43 states were reported to the Centers for Disease Control. The 4507 cases reported in 1988 was nearly double the case number reported in 1987, and ninefold the number reported in 1982, when a systematic system of national surveillance was established. The average annual incidence of reported Lyme disease in the United States in 1987-1988 was 1.4/100,000. New York led the nation in reported cases in 1988 with 57% of the cases reported nationally. Eight states, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, reported 92% of the nation's cases. The state reporting the highest incidence rate in 1987-88 was Rhode Island, with 9.9 cases/100,000. Regionally, incidence rates were highest in Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states, intermediate in North Central and Pacific states, lower in the Southeast, and lowest in the Great Plains and Mountains states. The seven remaining states in which Lyme disease has not been transmitted all lie west of the 100th meridian.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Epidemiological aspects of a St. Louis encephalitis outbreak in Harris County, Texas, 1986.

An outbreak of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) resulted in 28 cases of the disease in Harris County, Texas, in 1986. The cases occurred principally in Baytown, in eastern Harris County, but five cases were also recognized in Houston. The risk of illness increased sharply with age, and all five fatal cases were in persons greater than 55 y. Case-control methods were used for the first time to study factors associated with the risk of acquiring SLE. Risk was associated with residences poorly sealed against mosquitoes (non-air-conditioned residences and those with inadequate screens). The number of hours spent outdoors and in outdoor activities, except sitting immediately outside residences, were not associated with risk. Our observations suggest that exposure to vector mosquitoes may have occurred indoors. No host factors were significantly associated with risk of acquiring SLE, but more cases were cigarette smokers and had family histories of hypertension or cerebrovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Epidemiologic aspects of a St. Louis encephalitis outbreak in Mesa County, Colorado.

An epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis in 1985 in Mesa County, Colorado, led to 17 cases, including one fatality. Risk was associated with advanced age and residence in Grand Junction, the county's principal city. A trend was observed toward higher risk in females. However, increased risk in females was not associated with higher infection rates (increased exposure). Capture enzyme immunoassays detected specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin A after infection. A serosurvey of Grand Junction residents disclosed an infection rate of 4.0%, indicating that 1,123 epidemic St. Louis encephalitis infections may have occurred in the city. Evidence of previous St. Louis encephalitis virus infection was found in 11.2% of survey respondents who had neutralizing antibody to the virus without specific IgM. The prevalence of St. Louis encephalitis virus antibody was similar to rates observed in serosurveys undertaken 30 years earlier, indicating that the level of endemic St. Louis encephalitis transmission in the city had not changed appreciably in that interval.

Adolescent↗