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Biomedical subjects

R E Kauffman

Publications and source records attributed to R E Kauffman.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of moxalactam in infants and children.

37 patients ranging in age from 9 months to 14 years, with various infections, were treated with moxalactam. The pharmacokinetics of the drug were studied in 18 patients. The mean plasma concentration 1 h after a 25 mg/kg intravenous dose was 41.4 micrograms/ml +/- 15.6 SD, the half-life was 1.5 h +/- 0.4 SD and the mean Vd was 550 ml/kg +/- 239 SD. The total body clearance of moxalactam was 4.1 ml/min/kg +/- 1.5 SD and the mean renal clearance 4.5 ml/min/kg +/- 2.8 SD. Between 52 and 107% of the administered dose was recovered in the urine within 8 h after administration. The pharmacokinetics after the first and multiple doses of moxalactam were similar, indicating no accumulation of the drug with repeated administration. The clinical response was adequate in 35 of 37 patients. Moxalactam was well tolerated and only minor and transient hematological abnormalities were observed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Medication compliance in hyperactive children.

Medication compliance was studied over an 18-week period in 12 male children, ages 6 to 12 years, who were receiving medication for "hyperactivity." Subjects were randomly assigned to receive placebo (PB), d-amphetamine (AMP), and methylphenidate (MPH) for 6 weeks each in a triple-blind, crossover design. Urine samples were obtained weekly and assayed for MPH and AMP to assess compliance. Individual patient compliance varied from 0.00% to 100% (x = 67%) while taking MPH and from 20% to 83% (x = 60%) while taking AMP. The percent of patients compliant for a given week varied from 55% to 80% (x = 67%) when taking MPH and from 25% to 83% (x = 61%) when taking AMP. Significant positive noncompliance also occurred; ie, MPH was found in urine during the PB period in five of 12 individuals. Poor compliance in taking medication may explain, in part, the variable and conflicting results reported in many studies of the effect of medication on improving the behavior of hyperactive children.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1977

Kinetics of primidone metabolism and excretion in children.

The metabolism and excretion of orally administered primidone was studied in 12 children, aged 7 to 14 yr during long-term dosing. Plasma concentrations of primidone (Pr) peaked at 4 to 6 hr and declined exponentially from 6 to 24 hr, with half-life (t1/2) values ranging from 4.5 to 11 hr. A mean of 92% (72% to 123%) of the administered dose was recovered within 24 hr from the urine as Pr and its metabolites. Of the total Pr daily dose, 42.3% (15.2% to 65.9%) was recovered as unchanged drug, 45.2% (16.3% to 65.3%) as phenylethylmalonamide (PEMA), and 4.9% (1.1% to 8.0%) as phenobarbital (Pb). The mean rate constant for conversion of Pr to PEMA (K1) was 0.0424 hr-1, for conversion of Pr to Pb (K2) was 0.0045 hr-1, and for excretion of unchanged Pr (K3) was 0.0389 hr-1. Of Pb excreted, 43% (13% to 100%) was unchanged, 15% (0% to 27%) was unconjugated p-OH Pb, 20% (0% to 44%) was conjugated p-OH Pb, and 22% (0% to 33%) was conjugated 3,4-OH Pb. KE appears to be important determinant of the steady-state plasma concentration of Pb, but interindividual differences in K2 have little influence on the overall rate constant for elimination of Pr.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Placental transfer and fetal urinary excretion of gentamicin during constant rate maternal infusion.

Placental transfer and fetal urinary excretion of gentamicin was studied in midtrimester goat and human previable fetuses during constant rate maternal infusion with the drug. Gentamicin was not detected in the serum of any of the goat fetuses, even when maternal serum concentrations ranged from 15.2 mug/ml to 20.9 mug/ml. However, gentamicin was present in the amniotic fluid of four animals. Gentamicin was also present in fetal urine collected from three animals. In contrast human fetal central venous serum concentrations of gentamicin were 21-37% of those in maternal serum after constant rate infusion of the mother. In addition, gentamicin was present in human fetal urine in concentrations 2-- 3 times those in fetal serum. The observed difference in fetal serum concentration of gentamicin between the two species represents a difference in placental permeability to gentamicin and/ or a difference in fetal renal clearance of the drug.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Individualization of tobramycin dosage in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Tobramycin was administered to 52 patients, ages 2 months to 27 years, with cystic fibrosis during acute exacerbation of Pseudomonas-related pulmonary infection. Elimination pharmacokinetics of tobramycin was characterized for each patient after intravenous administration using a standardized infusion technique. The minimal inhibitory concentration was determined for Pseudomonas strains isolated from 26 of the 52 patients. The pharmacokinetic parameters of individual patient were used to adjust the dose and dosing interval to maintain the serum concentration of tobramycin above the minimal inhibitory concentration for the infecting organism for at least 75% of the dosing interval without exceeding the maximum concentration of 12 micrograms/ml or a minimum concentration of 2.0 micrograms/ml. This resulted in an increase of the mean daily dose of tobramycin to 12 mg/kg from an initial mean dose of 5.5 mg/kg and a reduction of the dosing interval from 8 hours to 4 or 6 hours for patients greater than 1 year of age. Significant differences between the pharmacokinetic profiles of the infants and older patients were observed.

Adolescent↗