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Biomedical subjects

R E Olson

Publications and source records attributed to R E Olson.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Relationship between MCMI-II scales and normal personality traits.

We correlated MCMI-II and 16 PF profiles of 145 couples in outpatient marital therapy and noted significant associations between these tests that were consistently and logically related to constructs which underlie the meaning of the MCMI-II scales. This provided good concurrent validity for both the Personality and Clinical Scales of the MCMI-II. These results add credence to research designed to study Millon's basic styles in normal populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Vitamins and carcinogenesis: an overview.

The pathophysiology of carcinogenesis as a multistage process has been reviewed and the rationale for the action of vitamins and biofactors has been presented. This overview will now be followed by presentations of the actions of retinoids, carotenoids, vitamin D and marine natural products by other members of this Symposium.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Relationship between Wechsler scales and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised scores among disability applicants.

Relationships, including age, race, gender, and IQ level, between the Wechsler intelligence scales (WISC-R, WAIS-R) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) were studied among 206 applicants for disability benefits in a private practice setting. We found that the PPVT-R seriously underestimated WISC-R IQs by an average of 5 points and WAIS-R IQs by an average of 12 points. Results were discussed in terms of psychometric findings and clinical application. The study demonstrates that psychologists in private practice settings can use the product of their daily work to address important questions that require empirical answers, which, in turn, can influence clinical practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

MCMI comparisons of cocaine abusers and heroin addicts.

Cocaine addicts (N = 107) and opiate addicts (N = 86) in treatment for drug abuse were compared on the MCMI. Univariate analyses revealed that cocaine abusers showed more traits of the antisocial personality style, whereas heroin addicts evinced more problems with anxiety and somatic distress, probably related to residual problems of withdrawal, and alcohol abuse. Multivariate analyses revealed four distinct clusters (MCMI patterns 456', 865', 56', and 8') that aligned by underlying personality style and clinical syndrome expression rather than by drug of choice. Ideographic analyses further demonstrated consistencies in prevalence rates of DSM-III-R personality disorders. Results do not support the pharmacodynamic theory of drug abuse. It was concluded that the similarities in personality between these two groups are greater than their differences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

MMPI characteristics of drug abusers with and without histories of suicide attempts.

Compared to drug addicts without histories of suicidal attempt (n = 50), drug addicts who have attempted suicide (n = 50) were characterized by higher levels of maladjustment--particularly in the areas of depression, feelings of alienation, and use of projection and externalization--and were more emotionally withdrawn. Certain Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) codetypes appeared in the attempt group that were not present in the no history group. Drug addicts with suicidal ideation but no history of attempt (n = 13) were not significantly different from the other two groups, and their inclusion as a comparison group masked the real differences between the other two groups. The MMPI results suggest it may be possible to identify a suicide attempt group in substance abusers but not when contrasted with a suicidal ideation group. Treatment implications are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Clinical teaching in physical therapy: student and teacher perceptions.

Many practicing physical therapists participate in the most crucial phase of a student's education by serving as Clinical Instructors. The purposes of this study were to identify the clinical teaching behaviors perceived as most effective and most hindering by students and CIs and to compare the response rates of students in bachelor's and master's degree programs. A published 58-item questionnaire was completed by 172 participants from eight physical therapy education programs. The results were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. The perceived most helpful teaching behaviors pertained to providing information through feedback. The perceived most hindering behaviors were intimidating questioning and correcting student errors in the presence of patients. The different student and CI ratings for the item "leaves student alone until asked to supervise" has important ethical and educational implications. Master's and bachelor's degree students' ratings differed significantly on four teaching behaviors. Different instructional methods might be necessary for educating these students.

Behavior↗
PubMed1989

Allied health perceptions of effective clinical instruction.

Clinical instruction is a critical component of allied health education. The purposes of this study were to identify those behaviors of clinical instructors perceived as both most effective and most hindering in facilitating learning, to identify and compare the behaviors of clinical instructors as perceived by two different allied health groups, and to categorize into meaningful domains the behaviors identified. A published 58-item questionnaire was completed by 311 clinical students and instructors from eight physical therapy and ten physician assistant programs. Results were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. Instructor behaviors rated as most helpful in learning included answering questions clearly, taking time for discussion and questions, and providing opportunities for practicing skills. Behaviors most hindering to learning were asking questions in an intimidating manner and correcting student errors in front of patients. Ratings were significantly different (P less than or equal to .001) between the physical therapy and physician assistant groups on 13 items, and posed important considerations for allied health educators.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1989

A critique of the report of the National Institutes of Health Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol.

In summary, I think the National Cholesterol Education Program could be strengthened if more realistic values for normal and abnormal serum cholesterol levels were adopted, if lipoprotein typing were recommended as an early step in the screening process, if modification of other risk factors were attempted, and if intervention with diet were avoided for persons without other risk factors whose cholesterol levels are below 6.21 mmol/L. A more flexible program of diet therapy should be offered to those persons with serum cholesterol values over 6.21 mmol/L, which should include not only the "prudent diet" but also other dietary regimens with proven benefits. All physicians should make an attempt to carry out this program of preventive cardiology as a long-term clinical investigation to determine the extent to which modification of serum lipid levels in large outpatient populations influences the prognosis for CHD.

Cholesterol, HDL↗
PubMed1979

Predictability of treatment outcome in patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome.

Responses to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were used to develop a 29-item scale designed to predict the treatment outcome of 135 patients with Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction (MPD) Syndrome. The results suggested that a single scale to predict treatment outcome would be ineffective due to the absence of consistent personality differences in MPD patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The specificity of response to experimental stress in patients with myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome.

Comparison of autonomic and muscular response to experimentally induced stress in normal individuals and patients with myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) syndrome revealed greater masseter and frontalis activity in the patient group, higher gastrocnemius activity in control subjects, and no significant difference in skin conductance and heart rate. This specificity of response to stress supports the psychophysiologic theory of MPD syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Are professionals jumping the gun in the fight against chronic diseases?

The first steps in implementing a national nutrition policy of providing a food supply which meets the nutritional requirements of our population have been the periodic issuance of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. More recently, the "Dietary Goals for the United States" have been released by the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs of the U.S. Senate, developed in the belief that they would, if followed, serve as one avenue of preventing coronary heart disease. The author presents a "critique" of the Dietary Goals, including a re-examination of food consumption statistics and a summary of intervention trials in five countries in which diet or drug therapy was aimed at lowering serum cholesterol. Listed are four criteria for evaluating recommendations to the public about diet and chronic disease. Rather than making a major revision in the proportion of fat and carbohydrates in our national diet, he recommends only limitation of the overall amounts to achieve weight control for those who need it.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Changes in the red blood cell membrane in protein-calorie malnutrition.

Ten children with protein-calorie malnutrition (five with kwashiorkor, three with marasmus, and two with marasmic-kwashiorkor) were studied at hospital admission and during recovery for evidence of changes in red blood cell lipids, osmotic fragility, and chromium survival. On admission, the children had significantly higher-than-normal red blood cell membrane cholesterol and phospholipid, and an elevated cholesterol:phospholipid ratio. Both red blood cell osmotic fragility and red cell survivals were depressed. These measurements returned to normal limits with recovery.

Child, Preschool↗