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Biomedical subjects

R E Petty

Publications and source records attributed to R E Petty.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Spondyloarthropathies of childhood.

The term spondyloarthropathy, currently used to describe some forms of idiopathic arthritis of childhood, may be inappropriate because most children included in this category do not have arthritis of the spine, and inflammatory disease of the sacroiliac joints is an infrequent or late finding. Juvenile AS, the archetype, or "complete" disease may account for only one fifth of the so-called "spondyloarthropathies". "Incomplete" or "early" spondyloarthropathies are most frequent. Such children may not develop axial symptoms and signs for 5 to 10 years after onset, and they may be better characterized as having enthesitis-related arthritis, a term proposed by a recent task force of the International League Against Rheumatism (ILAR). Reactive arthritis, although etiologically linked with the spondyloarthropathies, uncommonly progresses to AS in childhood; most patients have peripheral arthritis with or without enthesitis resolving in the relatively short term. The arthritis associated with IBD is more commonly peripheral than axial. Although axial disease undoubtedly occurs in JPsA, in the authors' experience it is very uncommon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Flexible correction processes in social judgment: the role of naive theories in corrections for perceived bias.

Unlike many models of bias correction, our flexible correction model posits that corrections occur when judges are motivated and able to adjust assessments of targets according to their naive theories of how the context affects judgments of the target(s). In the current research, people flexibly correct assessments of different targets within the same context according to the differing theories associated with the context-target pairs. In Study 1, shared theories of assimilation and contrast bias are identified. Corrections consistent with those theories are obtained in Studies 2 and 3. Study 4 shows that idiographic measures of theories of bias predict the direction and magnitude of corrections. Implications of this work for corrections of attributions and bias removal in general are discussed.

Decision Making↗
PubMed1995

Personality moderators of mood congruency effects on cognition: the role of self-esteem and negative mood regulation.

The authors report 3 experiments on negative mood regulation in which whether mood-congruency or mood-incongruency effects of negative mood on cognition were observed was dependent on an individual's self-esteem (SE). We found that most of our 224 participants tended toward mood-congruent recall under control conditions in which mood was relatively neutral. However, when a negative emotional state was induced, participants low in SE exhibited mood-congruent recall, but high-SE participants did not. In fact, the more negative high-SE participants felt, the more positive were their cognitions (mood-incongruent recall). This pattern was replicated in 3 experiments that included variations in the negative mood inductions and the type of information that was generated or retrieved. Our results suggest a strong link between SE and the regulation of negative emotional states.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Positive mood can increase or decrease message scrutiny: the hedonic contingency view of mood and message processing.

Currently dominant explanations of mood effects on persuasive message processing (i.e., cognitive capacity and feelings as information) predict that happy moods lead to less message scrutiny than neutral or sad moods. The hedonic contingency view (D. T. Wegener & R. E. Petty, 1994) predicts that happy moods can sometimes be associated with greater message processing activity because people in a happy mood are more attentive than neutral or sad people to the hedonic consequences of their actions. Consistent with this view, Experiment 1 finds that a happy mood can lead to greater message scrutiny than a neutral mood when the message is not mood threatening. Experiment 2 finds that a happy mood leads to greater message scrutiny than a sad mood when an uplifting message is encountered, but to less message scrutiny when a depressing message is encountered.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Atlantoaxial subluxation in children with seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy syndrome: 2 case reports and a review of the literature.

We describe 2 HLA-B27 positive children with seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy (SEA) syndrome who developed spontaneous (nontraumatic) atlantoaxial subluxation early in their disease course. Neither child had evidence of spinal cord compression but both had progressive atlantoaxial subluxation in spite of conservative treatment. Both underwent elective posterior cervical (C1-C2) fusion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Studies of human cord blood dendritic cells: evidence for functional immaturity.

We have isolated low-density, nonadherent, nonphagocytic, HLA-DR+ve cells with the morphology of dendritic cells (DCs) from the cord blood of full-term newborn infants. Relative to adult DCs, cord blood DCs were poor stimulators of the mixed leukocyte reaction when either adult or cord blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) or T lymphocytes were used as responder cells. In contrast, cord blood T cells and MNCs responded normally to allogeneic adult DCs. Cord blood DCs performed poorly as accessory cells for T-lymphocyte mitogenic responses at suboptimal concentrations of concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin A or at optimal concentrations of mitogen and low numbers of DCs. Addition of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) or recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) to cord blood DC-T-cell cultures containing a suboptimal concentration of Con A potentiated the proliferative response. In contrast, rIL-2 and rIFN-gamma exerted little effect on the proliferative response of adult T cells cultured with Con A and DCs. Flow cytometric studies showed that levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I HLA-ABC and class II HLA-DR antigens on cord blood DCs were significantly lower than those on adult blood DCs. These findings suggest that the relative inefficiency of cord blood DCs in the activation of T cells may be related to their low cell surface expression of MHC and cell adhesion molecules. The demonstrated impairment of cord blood DC function could be of importance in understanding the immunologic relationship between the fetus and mother and could contribute to the susceptibility of newborns to infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Visual prognosis in children with chronic anterior uveitis and arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the visual and ocular prognosis for children with uveitis and chronic arthritis and in patients with uveitis with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) or juvenile psoriatic arthritis (JPsA) and to evaluate risk factors associated with ocular complications. METHODS: We studied 49 children with chronic arthritis having greater than 2 years ophthalmological followup from onset of uveitis. Visual acuity and ocular complications (band keratopathy, synechiae, cataracts, glaucoma, or phthisis bulbi) were documented. For the 45 patients with JRA/JPsA, the antinuclear antibody and HLA status, time and mode of onset, and the course of uveitis, were evaluated as risk factors for developing complications. RESULTS: Mean followup was 9.4 years from diagnosis of uveitis (82 affected eyes). Ocular complications developed in 27 eyes (33%). Visual impairment (corrected acuity 20/50 or worse), occurring only in the presence of complicated uveitis, was present in 12 eyes (15%). Of 45 patients with JRA/JPsA, over 95% developed uveitis within 5 years of onset of arthritis. Those with complicated uveitis (n = 13, mean followup 8.6 years) and uncomplicated uveitis (n = 32, mean followup 10 years) were compared: factors significantly associated with complicated uveitis were (1) a chronic course of uveitis (2) JPsA (3) diagnosis of uveitis prior to, or at the time of arthritis onset (4) symptomatic onset. CONCLUSION: The risk of developing uveitis 5 years after the onset of JRA/JPsA is small. Although ocular complications were common (33%) among patients with uveitis, normal vision was maintained or correctable for over half of them. Those with uveitis and risk factors for developing ocular complications may need close ophthalmological scrutiny.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Experimental arthritis and uveitis in rats associated with Mycobacterium butyricum.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the anterior uveitis associated with adjuvant arthritis (AA) in the rat can be passively transferred with arthritis to syngeneic recipients using spleen cells or T cell lines prepared from animals given complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and Mycobacterium butyricum (M. butyricum) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). METHODS: Spleen cells from Lewis or Lewis SsN rats given IFA, CFA, type I collagen in IFA (CI-IFA), or type II collagen in IFA (CII-IFA) were administered to naive rats or rats treated with pertussis toxin or bacterial endotoxin. Three CD4+ T cell lines, propagated from CFA injected rats and maintained in vitro with M. butyricum (M-1), bovine proteoglycan (PR-1) or an extract of M. butyricum (MBE-1) were administered to naive or immunosuppressed rats. The arthritogenic and uveitogenic properties of these cell preparations and intradermal MBE-IFA, CII-IFA and intraperitoneal (ip) M. butyricum without adjuvant were evaluated. RESULTS: Uveitis was observed in 15/69 (22%) arthritic rats given CFA. Spleen cells prepared from CFA injected rats caused arthritis in 55 (82%) and uveitis in 2 (3%) of 67 cell recipients. Uveitis occurred in 2/6 cell recipients pretreated with bacterial endotoxin. Neither uveitis nor arthritis was observed in rats given IFA (0/6) or spleen cells prepared from rats given IFA (0/27), CI-IFA (0/6), or CII-IFA (0/28). CII-IFA produced polyarthritis in 5/6 rats, but no uveitis. CII-IFA induced arthritis associated uveitis in 1/15 animals receiving spleen cells from rats given CII-IFA, but not those given CI-IFA (0/3) or IFA (0/13). Uveitis was observed in one recipient of the M-1 T cell line and in 2 recipients of the PR-1 T cell line. Immunization with 400 micrograms of MBE-IFA induced uveitis but not arthritis in 3/11 animals. The MBE specific T cell line was neither arthritogenic nor uveitogenic. A high frequency (5/6) of uveitis accompanied arthritis in male Lewis rats given ip M. butyricum. Arthritis occurred in 4/10 female Lewis rats given ip M. butyricum and 2 arthritic animals also developed uveitis. CONCLUSION: Uveitis occurs infrequently in arthritic rats given spleen cells from CFA injected animals. The ip administration of M. butyricum constitutes a novel disease model in which the immunopathological relationships between arthritis and uveitis may be more reliably studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Autoantibodies in chronic arthritis of childhood: relations with each other and with histocompatibility antigens.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown the presence of either antibodies to histone or anticardiolipin antibodies in some forms of childhood chronic arthritis. The relation between these autoantibodies has not been previously reported, however, and the immunogenetics of their association with childhood arthritis has not been studied. METHODS: The interrelation of fluorescent antinuclear antibodies, antibodies to histone, and anticardiolipin antibodies and their associations with histocompatibility antigens (HLA) were studied in 114 children with chronic arthritis (45 children with pauciarticular onset juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA), 22 with polyarticular onset JCA, 13 with systemic onset JCA, and 34 with juvenile psoriatic arthritis (JPsA). Antibodies to histone and anticardiolipin antibodies were determined in 108 children. HLA antigens (A, B, C, and DR) were studied in the 83 white children. RESULTS: Antibodies to histone occurred in 0% (systemic onset JCA) to 42% (uveitis negative, pauciarticular onset JCA), and anticardiolipin antibodies in 26% (JPsA) to 55% (polyarticular onset JCA) of patients. Only 12 patients (11%) had both antibodies to histone and anticardiolipin antibodies. Neither antibodies to histone nor anticardiolipin antibodies associated with the type of arthritis. Neither of these antibodies alone associated with uveitis. Antibodies to histone were associated with HLA-A2, probably reflecting the known association of HLA-A2 with pauciarticular onset JCA. There was no other HLA association. Fluorescent antinuclear antibodies occurred most often in patients with uveitis; however, the occurrence of fluorescent antinuclear antibodies in patients with pauciarticular onset JCA (the group most at risk for uveitis) was not significantly greater in children with uveitis than in those without uveitis (100 and 88% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Although antibodies to histone and anticardiolipin antibodies often occur in serum samples from patients with JCA and JPsA, they rarely occur together. Their presence does not associate with uveitis. This study did not show any strong evidence that production of either antibodies to histone or anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with JCA or JPsA is under the control of the histocompatibility locus.

Antibodies, Anticardiolipin↗
PubMed1992

SEA syndrome revisited: a longterm followup of children with a syndrome of seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy.

Thirty-six of the 39 children originally described with the syndrome of seronegative enthesopathy and arthropathy, followed for a mean of 11 years after symptom onset, were found to have had a widely varied clinical course. Twelve of the 23 patients (52%) who originally did not have a seronegative spondyloarthropathy developed definite (6) or possible (6) seronegative spondyloarthropathies. The development of a seronegative spondyloarthropathy was associated with HLA-B27 (p = 0.0004) and the presence of arthritis (rather than arthralgia only) at the time of the original report (p = 0.05). For patients with arthritis, the development of a seronegative spondyloarthropathy was associated with arthritis onset after 5 years of age (p = 0.01).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Idiopathic musculoskeletal pain syndromes in children.

Between 1982 and 1990, 81 children with localized or diffuse musculoskeletal pain, for which no cause could be found were seen in a pediatric rheumatology clinic. Forty-one children had localized idiopathic pain and 40 had diffuse idiopathic pain. Twenty-four of the patients with localized idiopathic pain fulfilled criteria for definite reflex neurovascular dystrophy. Thirty-five patients with diffuse idiopathic pain fulfilled criteria for fibromyalgia. Four patients with localized idiopathic pain (10%) developed diffuse idiopathic pain during followup; four patients with diffuse idiopathic pain (10%) had a history of localized idiopathic pain and one patient had previously been diagnosed as having Tietze's syndrome. Recurrences or persistence of pain was very common. Many children had potentially important stressors including single parent families, histories of sexual abuse, and learning difficulties. Idiopathic musculoskeletal pain is a common cause of referral to a pediatric rheumatology clinic and is often associated with significant morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis.

We are beginning to understand the clinical nature of JAS, its relationship with other SSA, and factors involved in its pathogenesis. Clinical data may now allow early recognition of JAS through the identification of children with the SEA syndrome or chronic arthritis associated with the HLA-B27. Comparative clinical studies of the prevalence of the disease and the role of immunogenetic, racial and environmental factors are needed. It may be necessary to review current criteria for the diagnosis of JRA and to develop similar criteria for the diagnosis of AS in childhood and adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Persistent antinuclear antibodies in children without identifiable inflammatory rheumatic or autoimmune disease.

One hundred eight children with musculoskeletal pain considered not to be due to an autoimmune or inflammatory disease had an antinuclear antibody (ANA) test performed. Twenty-four of these children were ANA positive on HEp-2 cell substrate at a screening serum dilution of 1:20. A positive ANA test persisted in 21 of 24 of the patients over a mean time period of 38 months (range 1 to 103 months). No sera from any patient at initial evaluation had anti-DNA antibodies by radioimmunoassay or by indirect immunofluorescence on Crithidia luciliae. One patient recently developed elevated anti-DNA (radioimmunoassay) antibodies but still has a negative assay on C luciliae. Four patients had antibodies to core histones by immunoblotting. None had antibodies to Sm, RNP, Ro (SS-A), or La (SS-B) by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. No patient developed an overt inflammatory or autoimmune disease during a mean follow-up period of 61 months (range 13 to 138 months). A child with musculoskeletal pain and a positive test for ANA, but with no clinical evidence at presentation of inflammatory or autoimmune disease, is at low risk of imminently developing such a disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Renal disease in chronic arthritis of childhood. A study of urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta 2-microglobulin excretion.

Urinalyses of randomly obtained samples from children with various types of chronic arthritis revealed proteinuria in 2.3% of patients, hemoglobinuria in 3.5%, erythrocyturia in 4.1%, and leukocyturia in 5.3%; these frequencies are within the range found by screening school children. However, raised urinary levels of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and/or beta 2-microglobulin (both sensitive measures of renal tubular damage) were found more frequently in children with chronic arthritis than in controls (P less than 0.0001). Abnormalities of either N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase or beta 2-microglobulin excretion were associated with active arthritis as measured by physician global estimate of disease activity, with a polyarticular onset of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and with the use of slow-acting antirheumatic drugs or the concurrent use of more than 1 nonsteroidal antiinflamtory drug. Abnormal renal tubular function appears to be common in chronic arthritis of childhood. The long-term consequences of this abnormality remain to be elucidated.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1990

The pulmonary manifestations of childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus.

Pleuropulmonary disease in childhood onset SLE is common. It may be insidious or present as a life threatening event. North American Indian children in our population appear to be at high risk for severe lung disease. Pulmonary symptoms are present in the majority of children at some time during their disease course and pulmonary function studies are abnormal in the majority of patients. The pulmonary manifestations and frequency of occurrence in childhood appear to be similar to that described in adult onset SLE. Although pulmonary function studies do not correlate well with pulmonary symptoms, these studies provide objective quantification of the type and severity of the functional lesion. Serial tests may be helpful in monitoring disease activity in childhood SLE.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Liver disease in neonatal lupus erythematosus.

We report the cases of neonatal lupus erythematosus associated with significant hepatic involvement in three living infants and in one infant who died 3 hours after delivery. The three living infants had neonatal cholestasis as a major component of their clinical findings. Pathologic changes included giant cell transformation, ductal obstruction, and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Liver involvement has been noted incidentally in children with neonatal lupus erythematosus, but it has generally been attributed to hemodynamic compromise as a result of congenital heart block or systemic toxic reactions. We speculate that neonatal hepatitis proceeding to hepatic fibrosis may occur in neonatal lupus erythematosus, analogous to the occurrence of "idiopathic" congenital heart block. The neonatal hepatitis associated with neonatal lupus erythematosus is a form distinguishable from the "idiopathic" group. Liver involvement may be more common than was previously recognized, and prospective studies to look for maternal autoantibodies in idiopathic neonatal liver disease should be undertaken.

Antibodies, Antinuclear↗