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Biomedical subjects

R Eisler

Publications and source records attributed to R Eisler.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Gold concentrations in abiotic materials, plants, and animals: a synoptic review.

Gold (Au) is ubiquitous in the environment and mined commercially at numerous locations worldwide. It is also an allergen that induces dermatitis in sensitive individuals. Gold concentrations were comparatively elevated in samples collected near gold mining and processing facilities, although no data were found for birds and non-human mammals. Maximum gold concentrations reported in abiotic materials were 0.001 microg L(-1) in rainwater; 0.0015 microg L(-1) in seawater near hydrothermal vents vs. < 0.00004-0.0007 microg L(-1) elsewhere; 5.0 microg kg(-1) dry weight (DW) in the Earth's crust; 19.0 microg L(-1) in a freshwater stream near a gold mining site; 440 microg kg(-1) DW in atmospheric dust near a high traffic road; 843 microg kg(-1) DW in alluvial soil near a Nevada gold mine vs. < 29 microg kg(-1) DW premining; 2.53 mg kg(-1) DW in snow near a Russian smelter vs. < 0.35 mg kg(-1) DW at a reference site; 4.5 mg kg(-1) DW in sewage sludge; 28.7 mg kg(-1) DW in polymetallic sulfides from the ocean floor; and 256.0 mg kg(-1) DW in freshwater sediments near a gold mine tailings pile vs. < 5 microg kg(-1) DW prior to mining. In plants, elevated concentrations of 19 microg Au kg(-1) DW were reported in terrestrial vegetation near gold mining operations vs. < 4 microg kg(-1) DW at a reference site; 37 microg kg(-1) DW in aquatic bryophytes downstream from a gold mine; 150 microg Au kg(-1) DW in leaves of beans grown in soil containing 170 microg kg(-1) DW; up to 1.06 mg kg(-1) DW in algal mats of rivers receiving gold mine wastes; and 0.1-100 mg kg(-1) DW in selected gold accumulator plants. Fish and aquatic invertebrates contained 0.1-38.0 microg Au kg(-1) DW. In humans, gold concentrations up to 1.1 microg L(-1) were documented in urine of dental technicians vs. 0.002-0.85 microg L(-1) in reference populations; 2.1 microg L(-1) in breast milk, attributed to gold dental fillings and jewelry of mothers; 1.4 mg kg(-1) DW in hair of goldsmiths vs. a normal range of 6-880 microg kg(-1) DW; 2.39 mg L(-1) in whole blood of rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving gold thiol drugs to reduce inflammation (chrysotherapy) vs. a normal range of 0.2-2.0 microg L(-1); and 60.0 to 233.0 mg kg(-1) fresh weight (FW) in kidneys of rheumatoid arthritis patients undergoing active chrysotherapy vs. < 42.0 mg kg(-1) FW kidney 140 months posttreatment.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Chrysotherapy: a synoptic review.

Chrysotherapy - the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with monovalent gold drugs possessing anti-inflammatory and other properties - has been used with some success for more than 70 years; however, the metabolites generated from gold drugs have not been identified positively and the mechanisms of action are not known with certainty. This account selectively reviews recent available literature on the history of gold in medicine, with emphasis on RA; the role of Au(+) and Au(+) metabolites (Au(CN)(2)(-), Au(+3), Au(o)) and other mechanisms in chrysotherapy; current treatment regimes for RA using gold drugs; chrysotherapy case histories based on 2166 RA patients; and adverse effects of chrysotherapy, mainly various forms of dermatitis. More research seems needed on the role of gold metabolites in the treatment of RA, the use of more sensitive and uniform indicators of treatment success, improved routes of drug administration for maximum efficacy, and the development of gold drugs with minimal side effects.

Antirheumatic Agents↗
PubMed1998

A sensate liner for biomedical monitoring applications.

This program develops and demonstrates technologies useful for implementing a manageable cost effective systems approach to monitoring the medical condition of personnel by way of an instrumented uniform hereafter referred to as a Sensate Liner (SL). The SL consists of a form fitting garment which contains and interconnects sensing elements and devices to an electronics pack containing a processor and transmitter. The SL prototype requires fiber, textile, garment and sensor development. The SL textile consists of a mesh of electrically and optically conductive fibers integrated into the normal structure (woven or knitted) of fibers and yarns selected for comfort and durability. A suite of SL garment compatible embedded biological and physical sensors are then integrated into the SL. The initial SL sensor suite is selected to improve triage for combat casualties. Additional SL sensor concepts for medical monitoring will be discussed.

Clothing↗
PubMed1987

Chaos and transformation: implications of nonequilibrium theory for social science and society.

This article deals with all levels of both living (biological, psychological, sociological, and cultural) and nonliving (physical, chemical, and mathematical) systems. The idea of applying the natural scientific self-organizing, evolutionary, and non-equilibrium or "chaos" theory associated with the names of Prigogine and others to world problems of impending social, political, economic, and ecological "chaos" is gaining ground. The leap from natural science to social action, however, is impossible without considerable attention to the main intervening step: the development of "chaos"-equivalent, evolution-, systems-, and action-oriented social theory. Construction of such theory requires understanding by social scientists of natural scientific "chaos" theory as well as their own "chaos" theoretical heritage, of natural scientists of the now seemingly far distant social problem-solving potential of their nonequilibrium and self-organizing theories, and of both natural and social scientists of how advancement at both levels could help gain a peaceful as well as humanistic "order out of chaos" in this troubled world of ours. This paper surveys relevant concepts, problems, theorists, research, and works in progress within a perspective of the challenge of survival at a critical juncture in the evolution of our species.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1979

Behavioural responses of marine poikilotherms to pollutants.

Selected behavioural responses of marine fishes and invertebrates which are reportedly capable of disruption or impairment by petroleum, heavy metals, pesticides and other pollutants are listed. The usefulness of these and other performance functions to regulatory agencies charged with formulation of saline water quality criteria appears somewhat limited. At present, however, motor funcitons such as swimming performance, locomotion, and equilibrium, as well as physiological responses, especially respiratory patterns, may have some potential for biomonitoring of wastes discharged into coastal environments.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Acute toxicities of selected heavy metals to the softshell clam, Mya arenaria.

Static acute toxicity bioassays with adult softshell clams and salts of copper, cadmium, zinc, lead, manganese, and nickel were conducted at 30 0/00 salinity and 22 degrees C. Concentrations fatal to 50% in 168 hours, in mg/l (ppm) metal added at start, were 0.035 for Cu, 0.150 for Cd, 1.55 for Zn, 8.80 for Pb, 300.0 for Mn, and less than 50.0 for Ni. Additional tests were conducted with Zn2+ and Cu2+ at 30 0/00 during fall (17.5 degrees C) and winter (4 degrees C); clams displayed increasing survival with decreasing temperature. For Cu, LC-50 (336 hr) values at 17 degrees C and 4 degrees C were 0.086 and greater than 3.00 mg/l, respectively; for Zn these were 2.65 and greater than 25.0, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Acute toxicities of Cd2+, Cr+6 Hg2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ to estuarine macrofauna.

Static acute toxicity bioassays were conducted at 20 degrees C and 20 o/33 salinity with CdCl2-2 1/2 H20, K2CrO4, HgCl2, NiCl2-6H2O, and ZnCl2 using adults of starfish, Asterias forbesi; sandworm, Nereis virens; hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus; softshell clam, Mya arenaria; mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus; and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, a fish. Concentrations (mg/L metal) fatal to 50% of the organisms in 168 hr ranged from 0.004 (clam) to 0.8 (mummichog) for mercury; 0.7 (clam, worm, crab and starfish) to 40.0 (mummichog) for cadimium; 0.2 (crab) to 52.0 (mummichog) for zinc; 0.7 (sandworm) to 44.0 (mummichog) for hexavalent chromium; and 13.0 (starfish) to 150.0 (mummichog) for nickel. Biocidal action was restricted to a relatively narrow range for all species-metals combinations tested: i.e., mean LC-75/LC-25 rations for individual metals at 168 hr ranged between 2.82 (Zn) and 6.02 (Cd); for individual species this ratio extended from 2.76 (fish) to 4.46 (clam). It appears that acute toxicity evaluation of potentially hazardous metals in saline environments requires utilization of at least several representative species from divergent taxonomic and ecological niches.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A Sensate Liner for personnel monitoring applications.

This program develops and demonstrates technologies useful for implementing a manageable cost effective systems approach to monitoring the medical condition of personnel by way of an instrumented uniform hereafter referred to as a Sensate Liner (SL). The SL consists of a form fitting garment which contains and interconnects sensing elements and devices to an electronics pack containing a processor and transmitter. The SL prototype requires fiber, textile, garment and sensor development. The SL textile consists of a mesh of electrically and optically conductive fibers integrated into the normal structure (woven or knitted) of fibers and yarns selected for comfort and durability. A suite of SL garment compatible embedded biological and physical sensors are then integrated into the SL. The initial SL sensor suite is selected to improve triage for combat casualties. Additional SL sensor concepts for medical monitoring will be discussed.

Aerospace Medicine↗