PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

R F Catalano

Publications and source records attributed to R F Catalano.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

A meta-analysis of predictors of continued drug use during and after treatment for opiate addiction.

AIMS: Many people treated for opiate addiction continue to use drugs during and after treatment. It may be possible to improve outcomes by addressing patient characteristics that predict continued drug use. This review uses meta-analytic techniques to identify risk factors for continued drug use in patients treated for opiate abuse. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: A thorough search of the published literature yielded 69 studies that reported information on the bivariate association between one or more independent variables and continued use of illicit drugs during and after treatment for opiate addiction. FINDINGS: Most of the patient variables summarized have weak longitudinal relationships with continued drug use, although several variables display moderate longitudinal associations. Ten variables show statistically significant and longitudinally predictive relationships (average r > 0.1) with continued use, including: high level of pretreatment opiate/drug use, prior treatment for opiate addiction, no prior abstinence from opiates, abstinence from/light use of alcohol, depression, high stress, unemployment/employment problems, association with substance abusing peers, short length of treatment, and leaving treatment prior to completion. Several other variables may be potentially longitudinally predictive. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent relapse, treatment interventions should address multiple variables because no single variable strongly predicts continued drug use.

Crime↗
PubMed1998

Drug use predictors of partner violence in opiate-dependent women.

This paper examines the use of specific drugs as longitudinal predictors of violence between domestic partners in a sample of women in methadone treatment for opiate addiction. Crack cocaine use, use of other forms of cocaine, and tranquilizer use are each modestly to moderately positively associated with partner violence victimization. Women who were heavy users of these drugs were more likely to be hit, slapped, or shoved by their partners than light users or nonusers of these drugs. Three possible explanations of these associations are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Exploring the effects of age of alcohol use initiation and psychosocial risk factors on subsequent alcohol misuse.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines whether the age of initiation of alcohol use mediates the effects of other variables that predict alcohol misuse among adolescents and also whether the age of initiation of alcohol use accounts for known gender differences in the severity of alcohol misuse. METHOD: Data were taken from an ethnically diverse sample of 808 (412 male) students who were recruited in grade 5 at age 10-11 and followed prospectively on an annual basis for the next 7 years to age 17-18. State-of-the-art missing data methodology was used to address nonresponse due to noninitiation of alcohol use. Structural equation modeling was used to examine hypotheses for the prediction of alcohol misuse. RESULTS: A younger age of alcohol initiation was strongly related to a higher level of alcohol misuse at age 17-18 and fully mediated the effects of parent drinking, proactive parenting, school bonding, peer alcohol initiation and ethnicity, all measured at age 10-11, and perceived harmfulness of alcohol use, measured at age 10-11 and age 11-12. However, age of alcohol initiation did not fully account for gender differences in the level of alcohol misuse at age 17-18. To further examine the role of gender, interactions between gender and school bonding, and gender and friend's alcohol initiation, were evaluated. However, neither of the interaction terms had direct effects on either age of initiation or level of alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSIONS: Most measured risk factors for alcohol misuse were mediated through age of alcohol initiation. Only gender differences in alcohol misuse at age 17-18 were not mediated by age of alcohol initiation. Variables associated with these differences require further study. The results of this study indicate the importance of prevention strategies to delay the age of initiation of alcohol use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Reducing parental risk factors for children's substance misuse: preliminary outcomes with opiate-addicted parents.

Parents in methadone treatment were offered an experimental intervention, Focus on Families, designed to reduce their risk of relapse and their children's risk of substance use. Experimentally assigned volunteers participated in systematic group training in relapse prevention and parenting skills, and received home-based case management services. Immediate posttreatment outcome results reported here include analyses of covariance controlling for baseline measures. Analyses show experimental parents held more family meetings to discuss family fun, displayed stronger refusal/relapse coping skills, demonstrated stronger sense of self-efficacy in role-play situations, and had lower levels of opiate use than control subjects. No significant differences in family bonding, family conflict, or other measures of drug use were found. The utility of intervening with drug-addicted parents in methadone treatment is discussed in light of these findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Preventing school failure, drug use, and delinquency among low-income children: long-term intervention in elementary schools.

A six-year, school-based prevention program, which modified classroom teacher practices, offered parent training, and provided child social skills training, was evaluated for its effects on school failure, drug abuse, and delinquency among low-income urban children. Compared to a low-income control group, children in the intervention group showed enhanced school commitment and class participation. The girls in the group also evidenced lower rates of substance use initiation, while the boys exhibited increased social and school work skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Outpatient treatment for cocaine abuse: a controlled comparison of relapse prevention and twelve-step approaches.

This study sought to assess the efficacy of treatment for cocaine abuse and to compare the relative effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention treatment with that of a Twelve-Step recovery support group in an outpatient group treatment setting. One hundred ten subjects seeking treatment were alternately assigned to relapse prevention or Twelve-Step treatment. Self-report data were collected at baseline, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up. There were no differential effects of treatment type on cocaine or marijuana use over time. However, subjects in both treatment conditions reduced cocaine and marijuana use at posttreatment. Subjects in both groups reduced their alcohol use from pretreatment to posttreatment. Subjects receiving Twelve-Step treatment showed greater increases from posttreatment to 6-month follow-up in alcohol use than did relapse prevention participants. Treatment attendance was negatively related to cocaine use at posttreatment and cocaine and marijuana use at 6-month follow-up. Difficulties in conducting cocaine treatment outcome research are discussed as are treatment and research implications of the findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Using research to guide culturally appropriate drug abuse prevention.

Several ways in which research can be an important tool in creating culturally appropriate prevention programs are suggested. To illustrate cultural variability, we present data from a study of 5th-grade African-American and European-American students. These data describe rates of early initiation, levels of exposure to identified risk factors, and degree to which identified risk factors predict substances initiated. Results indicate that European-American Ss have higher rates of tobacco and alcohol initiation, that the same risk factors predict the variety of substances initiated for African-American and European-American Ss, and that several differences exist in the level of exposure to risk factors between the 2 groups. Implications of the findings for developing culturally appropriate drug abuse prevention are discussed.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1993

The effects of skills and intentions to use drugs on posttreatment drug use of adolescents.

The present study examines the relationship between (a) social, cognitive, and behavioral skills; (b) self-reported intentions to use drugs and alcohol following treatment; and (c) later drug and alcohol use for a sample of 130 adolescents. Social, problem solving, self-control, and drug and alcohol avoidance skills were significantly related to marijuana use, variety and severity of drug use, and to the number of drug-free months for female subjects at 12-month follow-up. These skills did not have a statistically significant direct effect on any measured drug outcomes for males. However, skills did lower male subjects' intentions to use drugs or alcohol. Decreased intentions to use, in turn, were associated with less drug and alcohol use, suggesting an indirect relationship between skills and reductions in drug and alcohol use among males at 12-month follow-up. Implications for the treatment of adolescents who engage in drug and alcohol use are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Predicting treatment retention among cocaine users.

Few studies have addressed treatment retention among cocaine-using samples. The current study develops and tests a model of treatment retention at the individual level, employing data from 110 cocaine users who initiated outpatient treatment. The model includes measures of extent of drug involvement, social isolation and support, motivation, and demographic characteristics. Logistic regression is used to fit a final model, which includes measures of the following: living alone, use of multiple substances prior to treatment, length of cocaine use, and external motivation. Treatment implications and directions for further research are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention.

The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach. This approach requires the identification of risk factors for drug abuse, identification of methods by which risk factors have been effectively addressed, and application of these methods to appropriate high-risk and general population samples in controlled studies. The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Ethnic differences in family factors related to early drug initiation.

The literature on family predictors of substance use for the general population is reviewed and compared to findings for three specific ethnic groups: black, white and Asian Americans. Rates of substance use initiation are examined in a sample of 919 urban 5th-grade students. Ethnic differences on measures of family predictors are examined and significant ethnic differences are found on several of these factors. Finally, separate regressions for black, white and Asian American youths of family factors on the variety of substances initiated examine ethnic similarities and differences in predictors. The results demonstrate significant differences by ethnicity in family management practices, involvement in family activity, sibling deviance, parental disapproval of children's drinking and family structure. The regression equations identified unique as well as common predictors of the variety of substances initiated by the end of 5th grade. Implications of the results are discussed.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1992

Race differences in antisocial behaviors and attitudes and early initiation of substance use.

This article examines racial differences in self-reported delinquency, school trouble, antisocial attitudes, and toughness and in teacher-rated aggressive and inattentive behaviors among fifth grade black, white, and Asian American subjects. Also examined are the relationships of these variables to substance initiation within each racial group. Controlling for socio-economic status, racial groups differed from one another in self-reported delinquency, school trouble and toughness, and in teacher-rated aggressiveness and inattention. Antisocial behavior and attitudes were stronger predictors of substance initiation for Asian American than for black and white children. For white children both self-reported and teacher-rated behavior were significantly related to substance initiation. For black children, only self-reported antisocial behavior, and for Asian American children only self-reported delinquent behavior and attitudes predicted substance initiation. Implications for prevention and research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Structure of problem behaviors in preadolescence.

Earlier research suggests that diverse adolescent problem behaviors, such as substance use, school problems, early sexual intercourse, and delinquency, reflect a single underlying dimension of behavior. Data from an ongoing longitudinal study were used to examine this issue in a previously unexamined sample (N = 426) of preadolescent sixth-grade youth. Ss included boys and girls from diverse socioeconomic and racial/ethnic backgrounds, whose average ages were 11 and 12. By using confirmatory factor analyses to test competing models, multiple factor structures were detected, suggesting that earlier findings supporting a single factor conceptualization may not be generalizable to this age group. Implications of the finding that problem behaviors may be more differentiated in late childhood than in adolescence are discussed.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1991

Reducing early childhood aggression: results of a primary prevention program.

Teacher-rated antisocial behavior in early elementary grades has been shown to be a precursor of adolescent delinquency and drug use. The combined effects of parent and teacher training on the teacher-rated antisocial behavior of a panel of subjects assigned to experimental and control classrooms at entry into the first grade was assessed at the end of the second grade. Lower rates of aggressiveness were found for white boys in the experimental classrooms and lower rates of self-destructive behavior were found for white girls in the experimental classrooms when compared with controls on the Teacher Form of the Child Behavior Checklist. No significant condition differences were found for black subjects. The interventions are described and limits and implications of the study are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Racial differences in acceptability and availability of drugs and early initiation of substance use.

This paper examines differences among three racial groups in exposure to three risk factors for drug use (availability of drugs, acceptability of drug use, and peer alcohol use), and the relationship of these factors to drug use initiation in a sample of preadolescent urban youths. Tobacco and alcohol initiation rates were highest among Whites, lower among Blacks, and lowest among Asian-Americans. Paralleling these differences, White youths reported the greatest access to marijuana, greatest parental tolerance of substance use, and greatest intentions to use drugs as adults. Blacks somewhat less, and Asian-Americans the least. No racial differences appear in the proportion who reported that their peers used alcohol. Marijuana availability and peer use predicted substance initiation for all three racial groups. However, intentions to use substances as an adult and perceived parental tolerance of substance use predicted drug use only for White and Asian-American youths, while the expectation of punishment for drug use predicted lower drug use only among Black youths. Implications for prevention are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Skills training for drug abusers: generalization, maintenance, and effects on drug use.

This study reports on the follow-up data for the treatment of drug abuse (Hawkins, Catalano, & Wells, 1986). In the original study, 130 clients in the reentry phase of residential drug treatment programs were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 60) or to a 10-week supplemental behavioral skills training course (n = 70). Eight-two percent of the sample was male, and 75% was White. Subjects' ages ranged from 15 to 55 years, though the majority (71%) were in their twenties. A role-play test assessing skill levels was administered as a pretest, following the 10-week skill training course, and again at 6 and 12 months as follow-ups. Although skills decayed slightly over time, the skill levels of experimental subjects were higher than the control group 12 months after training. Generalization of skills to role-play situations for which no training had been received was also found. However, with the exceptions of marijuana and amphetamine use, skill training did not affect drug use after treatment.

Behavior Therapy↗