Biomedical subjects

R Fimmers

Publications and source records attributed to R Fimmers.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2007

[Effect of candesartan cilexetil with hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and ST-segment depression in patients with arterial hypertension].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of candesartan cilexetil with hydrochlorothiazide (6 mg and 12.5 mg, respectively) on blood pressure and ST-segment depression during daily life of patients with treated but not controlled arterial hypertension (blood pressure taken at doctor's practice (3)140/90 mmHg, despite being on at least two antihypertensive drugs) PATIENTS AND METHODS: 51 patients (45 men, 17 women) with treated but reportedly uncontrolled hypertension were placed on self-measurement of blood pressure for 4 weeks of a run-in period and 8 weeks as a follow-up period. Combined 24-hour automatic blood pressure measurement (ABPM) and electrocardiography were done at the end of the run-in and the follow-up periods. Ten patients proved to be normotensive according to the self-measurement and ABPM after the run-in period (group A), while 41 were still uncontrolled according to both methods (group B). In group B the least efficacious component of the antihypertensive medication was replaced by candesartan with hydrochlorothiazide (C + HCT) and any changes in blood pressure and ST-segment depression analysed after 8 weeks of follow-up in both groups. RESULTS: In group A no significant blood pressure change was observed between run-in- and follow-up periods. But in group B (n=41) the self-measured systolic blood pressure had significantly decreased (155/84 mmHg compared with [vs] 147/81 mmHg; p<0.0073) as had the systolic 24-h ABPM (148/81 mmHg vs 137/753 mmHg; p<0.0015) after C + HCT had replaced the previous noneffective medication. After the run-in period 15 patients of group B had ST-segment depression (1 mm of horizontal or descending depression for at least 1 minute). In 16 other patients of group B and in all patients of group A no ST depressions were recorded. At the end of the follow-up period significant reduction of mean ischemic burden per patient (106 vs 72 minutes), of total ischemic events (228 vs 153) and of mean duration of ST depression (372 vs 210 seconds) had occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Replacing candesartan + hydrochlorothiazide for previously ineffective antihypertensive drugs in patients with uncontrolled arterial hypertension significantly reduced both blood pressure and ST-segment depression during daily life.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Rgs 2 gene polymorphisms as modulators of anxiety in humans?

Rgs2 (regulator of G-protein signalling 2) gene recently was reported as a quantitative trait gene for anxious behaviour in mice and male Rgs2 knockout mice have been shown to be more anxious than wildtype mice. Therefore we investigated four non-coding single nucleotide polymorphisms in a sample of 173 patients with panic disorder and 173 matched controls of German descent. At the genotype level all four SNPs were associated with panic disorder (p = 0.02-0.05). At the haplotype level the strongest association was observed for a haplotype containing SNP3 and SNP 4 (subgroup men and men with agoraphobia: p = 0.01 and 0.03). This points towards a functional polymorphism at the 3' end of the gene. Our results support the hypothesis that variations of the Rgs2 gene play a role also for the development of anxiety in humans.

Agoraphobia↗

PubMed2006

Clinical outcomes of quadrant root planing versus full-mouth root planing.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the clinical effects of full mouth compared with quadrant wise scaling and root planing. METHOD: Twenty patients with chronic periodontitis (> or = 2 teeth per quadrant with probing pocket depths (PPD) > or = 5 mm and bleeding on probing (BOP) were randomized into a test group treated in two sessions with subgingival scaling and root planing within 24 h (full-mouth root planing (FMRP)) and a control group treated quadrant by quadrant in four sessions in intervals of 1 week (quadrant root planing (QRP)). PPD, relative attachment level (RAL) and BOP were recorded at baseline, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: Analysing first quadrant data, in moderately deep pockets (5 mm < or = PPD < 7 mm) there was no evidence for a difference (FMRP-QRP) between both groups for PPD reduction (mean: -0.128 mm; CI: [-0.949, 0.693]; p=0.747), RAL gain (mean: 0.118 mm; CI: [-0.763, 1.000]; p=0.781), and BOP reduction (mean: -20.1%; CI: [-44.3, 4.2]; p=0.099). Likewise, no significant differences between treatments were found for initially deep pockets (PPD > or = 7 mm), neither for first quadrant nor for whole mouth data. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study demonstrated equally favourable clinical results following both treatment modalities.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Mutations or exclusion: an unusual case in paternity testing.

In an immigration case with the scope of family reunification, the DNA extracted from the saliva samples of the male child, the alleged mother and the putative father was typed with 22 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) systems. In seven STR systems, the alleged mother could be excluded from maternity, and the case then had to be regarded as a deficiency case. Taking this fact into consideration, only two exclusions were found for the putative father, and the question arose whether there was an exclusion of the putative father or the existence of two mutations. Autosomal STR typing could not clarify the case, but the application of eight Y-chromosomal markers showed that the alleged father could be excluded from paternity.

Child↗

PubMed2005

Strong evidence that the common variant S384F in BRCA2 has no pathogenic relevance in hereditary breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Unclassified variants (UVs) of unknown clinical significance are frequently detected in the BRCA2 gene. In this study, we have investigated the potential pathogenic relevance of the recurrent UV S384F (BRCA2, exon 10). METHODS: For co-segregation, four women from a large kindred (BN326) suffering from breast cancer were analysed. Moreover, paraffin-embedded tumours from two patients were analysed for loss of heterozygosity. Co-occurrence of the variant with a deleterious mutation was further determined in a large data set of 43,029 index cases. Nature and position of the UV and conservation among species were evaluated. RESULTS: We identified the unclassified variant S384F in three of the four breast cancer patients (the three were diagnosed at 41, 43 and 57 years of age). One woman with bilateral breast cancer (diagnosed at ages 32 and 50) did not carry the variant. Both tumours were heterozygous for the S384F variant, so loss of the wild-type allele could be excluded. Ser384 is not located in a region of functional importance and cross-species sequence comparison revealed incomplete conservation in the human, dog, rodent and chicken BRCA2 homologues. Overall, the variant was detected in 116 patients, five of which co-occurred with different deleterious mutations. The combined likelihood ratio of co-occurrence, co-segregation and loss of heterozygosity revealed a value of 1.4 x 10-8 in favour of neutrality of the variant. CONCLUSION: Our data provide conclusive evidence that the S384F variant is not a disease causing mutation.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Population-based registration of unselected colorectal cancer patients: five-year survival in the region of Bonn/Rhine-Sieg, Germany.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological data of colorectal cancer are sparse and often incomplete. Therefore, we initiated a population-based examination of five-year survival of colorectal cancer patients. METHODS: For complete registration, diagnosis and tumour stage of all patients in the region of Bonn/Rhine-Sieg were assessed independently according to reports of medical practitioners and pathologists. Each patient was followed by a standardised questionnaire during a period of five years. RESULTS: Between June and November, 1994 348 patients were registered. Median age at diagnosis was 69 years for males (n = 160) and 72 years for females (n = 188). According to the UICC classification 18, 26, 23 and 26 % had stage I-IV tumours, respectively; the tumour stage remained unclear in 7 %. Adjuvant (radio)-chemotherapy was indicated in 89 patients, but only 49 % of these were treated. Five-year overall survival (OS) and relative overall survival were 41 and 54 %, respectively. Although disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly better for early stage colorectal cancer, OS did not differ significantly between stage I and stage III tumours. Young patients diagnosed before the age of 50 had a significantly lower DFS. These data were comparable with other European countries but were lower than data reported in the USA. DISCUSSION: The high rate of patients with stage IV colorectal cancer and the low proportion of patients receiving adjuvant (radio)-chemotherapy according to international or national consensus recommendations were disappointing. Although data were comparable with other European countries more efforts are necessary to establish effective screening programs for asymptomatic patients and to increase the willingness for standardised adjuvant treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

A new formula for calculating weight in the fetus of < or = 1600 g.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a new formula for estimating weight in the fetus of < or = 1600 g. METHODS: A formula for sonographic estimation of fetal weight was produced retrospectively from 84 singleton fetuses with a birth weight of < or = 1600 g, examined sonographically within 1 week before delivery. Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancy, intrauterine death and major structural or chromosomal anomalies. The new formula was then compared prospectively in an evaluation group of fetuses (n = 87) with six currently available equations for estimating weight in the preterm fetus. RESULTS: Stepwise regression analysis with gestational age (in days) and fetal biometric parameters was employed to yield the best-fit formula for predicting fetal weight at birth. The new formula (estimated fetal weight = 5381.193 + 150.324 x head circumference + 2.069 x femur length3 + 0.0232 x abdominal circumference3-6235.478 x log(head circumference)) proved to be superior to established equations. The lowest mean +/- SD absolute error was 66.2 +/- 59 g and the lowest mean absolute percentage error was 7.1 +/- 5.9% SD when studied prospectively in the evaluation group. With the new formula, 48.3% of estimates fell within +/-5% of the actual weight at birth, 73.6% fell within +/-10%, 90.8% fell within +/-15% and 95.4% fell within +/-20%. CONCLUSION: Our new formula is relatively easy to use and needs no adjustment to weight centiles or to fetal lie. It allows reliable weight estimation in the fetus < or = 1600 g.

Body Weight↗

PubMed2004

Sex-specific fetal weight prediction by ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: To improve sonographic birth-weight prediction by developing fetal gender-specific formulae. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Two gender-specific formulae were produced from the data of 527 patients and the data of a further 349 patients were used to evaluate the formulae. Inclusion criteria were a singleton live fetus, gestational age above 25 weeks, birth weight between 1000 g and 4500 g and fetal biometry within 8 days of delivery. Data retrieval was specifically for the purpose of this study. RESULTS: To yield the best-fit weight formula for each fetal gender we employed step-wise regression analysis based on fractional polynomials with the biometric parameters biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), transverse abdominal diameter (TAD), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL): estimated fetal weight for girls (g) = - 4035.275 + 1.143 x BPD3 + 1159.878 x AC1/2 + 10.079 x FL3 - 81.277 x FL2 [in cm]; estimated fetal weight for boys (g) = 43576.579 + 1913.853 x log10BPD + 0.01323 x HC3 + 55.532 x AC2 - 13602.664 x AC1/2 - 0.721 x AC3 + 2.31 x FL3 [in cm]. These formulae showed superior results compared with those of conventional weight formulae. CONCLUSION: Gender-related fetal weight calculation allows optimized prediction of fetal weight at birth.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Cholecystokinin- and cholecystokinin-B-receptor gene polymorphisms in panic disorder.

Panic disorder like other neuropsychiatric disorders is believed to be caused by multiple psychosocial and biological factors. Several lines of evidence point to a role for the peptide neurotransmitter cholecystokinin in the pathogenesis of panic disorder. We therefore determined the allele and genotype frequencies of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the CCK gene (-36C>T) and one CT repeat polymorphism in the CCK-B-receptor gene in a German panic disorder sample (n = 115 for CCK gene polymorphism, n = 111 for CCK-B-receptor polymorphism) and compared them with gender and age matched controls. The length of the polymorphic CT repeat alleles varies between 146 bp and 180 bp. We first analysed the results by a permutation test which provided evidence for heterogeneity between patients and controls (p=0.002). We then analysed the data as a di-allelic polymorphism with a short (146-162bp) and a long (164-180bp) allele and as a tetra-allelic polymorphism with 4 alleles (146-154bp, 156-162bp, 164-170bp, 172-180bp). In the di-allelic analysis as well as in the tetra-allelic analysis there was an excess of the longer allele (p = 0.001) or the two longer alleles (p = 0.041) respectively in patients with panic disorder. No difference between groups was observed for the -36C > T polymorphism. Our findings are consistent with the notion that genetic variation in the CCK neurotransmitter system contributes to the pathogenesis of panic disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Asymptomatic atopy is associated with increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity and interleukin-10 production during seasonal allergen exposure.

BACKGROUND: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan (TRP)-catabolizing enzyme with regulatory effects on T cells. T cell inhibition is achieved through both TRP depletion and TRP metabolite accumulation in specific local tissue microenvironments. The expression of IDO activity by different types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) has been shown to play a role in many instances of immunoregulation and tolerance induction. Induction of IDO after the engagement of the high-affinity receptor for IgE, FcepsilonRI, on atopic monocytes has been suggested to regulate T cell responses in atopic disorders. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine known for its down-regulatory functions in the immune system, has recently been associated with the stable expression of IDO in mature tolerogenic dendritic cells. OBJECTIVE: This study was devised to understand the role of systemic IDO and IL-10 in the prevention of clinical apparent allergy. METHODS: The concentration of TRP and the break-down product kynurenine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in- and off-season in sera from patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (n=12) and from clinically asymptomatic atopic patients sensitized to specific aeroallergens (n=12). Non-atopic (NA) individuals (n=12) served as control. The concentration of plasma IL-10 was determined in parallel from these donors by ELISA in- and off-season. RESULTS: In clinically unresponsive but aeroallergen-sensitized atopic individuals significantly higher systemic activity of IDO and increased plasma IL-10 levels were found during allergen exposure but not off-season compared to symptomatic atopic individuals with allergic rhinitis and NA individuals. CONCLUSION: Enhanced systemic IDO activity as well as increased systemic levels of IL-10 may contribute to the containment of allergic T cell responses and could be involved in the maintenance of a state of clinical unresponsiveness.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Clinical and microbiological effects of topical subgingival application of hyaluronic acid gel adjunctive to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Hyaluronic acid (HA) has shown anti-inflammatory effects in gingivitis therapy. The potential benefits of local subgingival application of HA adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) were evaluated in this study. METHODS: Twenty patients with chronic periodontitis were included in this split-mouth study. Sulcus fluid flow rate (SFFR) and sulcus bleeding index were monitored at baseline and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 weeks; probing depth and clinical attachment level were monitored at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks. Subgingival plaque samples were also taken at these same three appointments to determine the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola. All patients were treated with full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP); in addition, an HA gel was administered subgingivally in the test sites every week for 6 weeks. RESULTS: An improvement of all clinical variables was observed (P < 0.05) in both groups. Clinically, no difference between test and control sites could be found. No difference between test and control sites was seen in the tested microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: No clinical or microbiological improvement was achieved by the adjunctive use of HA gel compared to SRP alone. Only SFFR was affected by the use of HA in terms of a more rapid reduction of SFFR in the test sites.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2003

Increased serum levels of interleukin 6 are associated with severe intraventricular haemorrhage in extremely premature infants.

BACKGROUND: Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leucomalacia (PVL) in premature infants presumably have many causes. It has been proposed that inflammatory processes in the fetomaternal unit play an important role in the pathogenesis of these lesions. OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation of postpartum serum interleukin 6 (IL6) concentration as a marker of inflammation and neonatal cerebral morbidity in preterm infants < 28 weeks of gestational age. METHODS: A total of 88 infants were grouped according to maximum serum IL6 levels within 12 hours post partum: group A (n = 50), < or = 100 pg/ml; group B (n = 38), > 100 pg/ml. Ultrasound studies and clinical assessment were performed routinely. RESULTS: IVH was noted significantly more often in group B (24/38; 63%) than in group A (19/50; 38%) (p = 0.02). In a multiple logistic regression model, raised serum IL6 independently predicted development of severe IVH (odds ratio 8.4; 95% confidence interval 2.85 to 24.9; p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Raised serum IL6 may serve as a marker for severe IVH in infants < 28 weeks of gestational age. Although cerebral morbidity in premature infants is determined by different variables, the identification of systemic inflammation can help to define the need for anti-inflammatory strategies to prevent cerebral morbidity.

Catecholamines↗

PubMed2003

Outcome of epilepsy surgery in focal cortical dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcome of surgery in patients with drug resistant epilepsy and a histopathological diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia. METHODS AND SUBJECTS: Analysis of histories and presurgical and follow up data was carried out in 53 patients with a histological diagnosis of focal cortical dysplasia. Their mean age was 24.0 years (range 5 to 46), and they included 14 children and adolescents. Mean age at seizure onset was 12.4 years (0.4 to 36) and mean seizure duration was 11.6 years (1 to 45). RESULTS: The presurgical detection rate of focal cortical dysplasia with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was 96%. There were 24 temporal and 29 extratemporal resections; additional multiple subpial transections were done in 12 cases to prevent spread of seizure discharges. There was a 6% rate of complications with permanent neurological deficit, but no deaths. All resected specimens were classified by neuropathological criteria as focal cortical dysplasia. Balloon cells were seen in most cases of extratemporal focal cortical dysplasia. After a mean follow up of 50 months, 38 patients (72%) were seizure-free, two (4%) had less than two seizures a year, nine (17%) had a reduction of seizure frequency of more than 75%, and four (8%) had no improvement. Seizure outcome was similar after temporal and extratemporal surgery. The patients in need of multilobar surgery had the poorest outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Circumscribed lesionectomy of focal dysplastic lesions provides seizure relief in patients with chronic drug resistant temporal and extratemporal epilepsy. There was a trend for the best seizure outcome to be in patients with early presurgical evaluation and early surgery, and in whom lesions were identified on the preoperative MRI studies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677 C-->T polymorphism and preeclampsia in two populations.

OBJECTIVE: The C677T polymorphism of the 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is associated with decreased MTHFR activity and elevated plasma homocysteine levels with the result of an increased risk for vascular disease. Because thrombosis of the maternal spiral arteries can be one of the causative events in the disease, it has been suggested that the C677T polymorphism may also play a role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Our case-control study investigated the prevalence of the 677T allele in two ethnically different populations and the potential association of the 677T allele with preeclampsia. Special attention was paid to the potential contribution of the fetal genotype to disease risk. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 81 mothers and 61 newborns after preeclampsia and 99 mothers and 61 newborns with normal pregnancies. Genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction with locus-specific primers, and presence of the polymorphism was determined by enzymatic digestion with HinfI and visualization on polyacrylamide gels. RESULTS: Genotypes carrying the MTHFR 677T allele were significantly more frequent in German-Croatians than in Indonesians in both patients and controls (P =.0033 in controls). In contrast, the prevalence of genotypes with the 677T allele was not increased among patients with preeclampsia compared with controls in both ethnic groups (P >.5 in all groups). In Germans, the frequency of 677T homozygotes among controls even exceeded that observed in preeclamptic patients (677T/T genotype frequency 0.20 in controls and 0.07 in patients). We did not find an increased prevalence of paternally inherited 677T alleles in preeclamptic fetuses relative to controls or other signs of maternal-fetal transmission distortion. CONCLUSION: In our study, the MTHFR C677T polymorphism was not associated with an increased risk for preeclampsia on the level of the maternal or fetal genotype. However, significant differences of the frequency of genotypes carrying the 677T allele between Middle-Europeans and Indonesians were identified.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Differential regulation of interleukin-10 production by genetic and environmental factors--a twin study.

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has a critical role in the regulation of immune responses. The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to IL-10 production is under debate. We performed a twin study in 246 monozygotic and dizygotic twins to assess the heritability of IL-10 production after LPS stimulation in whole blood. In addition, the influence of promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (-1082, -819 and -592) on transcriptional activity and their binding to nuclear factors was studied in luciferase reporter gene and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. IL-10 production showed a genetic determination with a heritability of 0.5. Decreasing body mass index (BMI), smoking and female gender lead to decreased IL-10 production. In monocytes, the -1082A allele showed higher binding affinity to the transcription factor PU.1 resulting in decreased transcriptional activity of -1082A promoter haplotypes. Genetic determination of IL-10 secretion is probably lower than that previously reported. Fifty percent of the observed variability explained by genetic factors. Female individuals produce less IL-10 than male subjects. Environmental factors like smoking and decreasing BMI exert suppressing effects on IL-10 production. Although the -1082A allele shows higher binding affinity to the PU.1 transcription factor and lower transcriptional activity, this polymorphism probably explains only a small fraction of the observed heritability.

Binding Sites↗

PubMed2001

The fibrinolytic system in chronic renal failure.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) face a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Impaired fibrinolysis has recently been acknowledged to function as a risk factor for cardiovascular ischemic complications. Whether changes in fibrinolytic function contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk in CRF, however, remains unclear. METHODS: In the present study, tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) and its main antagonist plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI- 1) were determined in 12 subjects with normal renal function (group A) [serum creatinine (Cr) <1.3 mg/dl], 24 patients with impaired renal function (Cr 1.3-6.5 mg/dl) (group B) and 22 patients with endstage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (Cr>6.5 mg/dl) (group C). RESULTS: Plasma concentrations of PAI-1 and t-PA antigen as well as the PAI-1:t-PA molar ratio were unchanged in group B as compared to group A. However, in ESRD patients (group C), t-PA concentrations markedly decreased [13.7 +/- 2.9 ng/ml vs. 32.8 +/- 4.7 ng/ml (group B, p <0.01) and 35.4 +/- 8.4 ng/ml (group A, p <0.01)] while PAI-1 antigen concentrations remained in the control range. Thus, the PAI-1:t-PA molar ratio significantly increased in group C patients [12.4 +/- 4. 0 vs. 6.0 +/- 2.5 (group B; p<0.01) and 4.5 +/- 1.7 (group A; p<0.01]. CONCLUSIONS: From our data it may be suggested that fibrinolysis is markedly disturbed in ESRD due to a decreased availability of t-PA. Thus, it may be speculated that the development of atherothrombotic events in hemodialysis patients is, at least in part, due to an impaired fibrinolysis.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Caught in the trio trap? Potential selection bias inherent to association studies using parent-offspring trios.

During the last years, the validity of classic case control studies in psychiatric genetic research has been increasingly under question due to the risk of population stratification problems inherent to this type of association study. By consequence, the application of family-based association studies using parent-offspring trios has been strongly advocated. Recently, however, in a study comparing clinical characteristics between index patients from parent-offspring trios and singleton patients with bipolar affective disorder, the question was raised whether a systematic neglect of case control association studies could lead to a selection bias of susceptibility genes. In a similar approach, we compared demographic and clinical characteristics of 122 singleton bipolar patients with those of 54 bipolar patients derived from parent-offspring trios. The singleton patients did not only present with a higher age of onset, but also with a higher frequency of suicidal behavior and a higher familial loading for suicidality. These findings suggest that the genetic mechanism for disease might be different between trio-based and classic case control samples, where patients are examined whose parents are not available for genetic studies. Thus, giving up case control designs for the sake of family-based association studies could be at the risk of selecting against several genetically determined factors.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Sequence analysis and population data on the 'new' short tandem repeat locus D5S2360.

We have studied the sequence structure and population genetics of a 'new' short tandem repeat polymorphism at locus D5S2360 in German Caucasians. Sequencing at this locus revealed a considerable variation, which is characterized by a tetranucleotide (AGAT)(n) repeat pattern with (GAT), (AGATT), and (AG) repeats dispersed throughout the alleles. These microvariations do not necessarily alter the size of the alleles. They may vary by one or two pairs or they may remain unchanged in size. At locus D5S2360 we observed 33 allelic lengths comprising at least 36 different alleles. Population data revealed a high polymorphism with a heterozygosity rate of approximately 92.5%.

Alleles↗