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Biomedical subjects

R G Caffesse

Publications and source records attributed to R G Caffesse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

The effects of guided bone regeneration and grafting on implants placed into immediate extraction sockets. An experimental study in dogs.

Guided bone regeneration (gbr) for the treatment of insufficient bone volume around implants can be performed using membranes with or without grafting materials (i.e., autogenous, allogenous, xenogenous, or alloplastic grafts). A possible way to evaluate the quality of implant osseointegration is the torque necessary to remove implants from their bony housing. The aim of this study was to compare the torques necessary to remove dental implants from implant beds reconstructed with different bone substitutes and GBR or GBR alone in 6 adult mongrel dogs. All mandibular premolars were extracted and 3 extraction sockets on each side were enlarged using a trephine bur. A 13 mm titanium screw-type dental implant (3.75 mm diameter) was placed in each enlarged extraction socket so that only the apical 3 to 4 mm were engaged in bone. The 3 defects were then randomly treated with either 1) canine demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) plus GBR using an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (DFDBA+GTAM); 2) bioabsorbable hydroxyapatite and GBR (HA+GTAM); or 3) GBR (GTAM alone). After 6 months, the torque to remove the implants was measured in 4 animals and analyzed using ANOVA. There were no statistically significant differences between the 3 groups (GTAM alone: 46.37+/-16.41 Ncm; HA+GTAM: 46.00+/-16.59 Ncm; DFDBA+ GTAM: 52.15+/-29.24 Ncm). In addition, the influence of early removal of barriers on the torque values was evaluated with the t-test. Comparing exposed versus retained membranes by treatment modality, the only statistically significant difference was found in the DFDBA+GTAM group. When the torque values of all implants with exposed and retrieved membranes were compared to all those with retained membranes a significant difference could be detected. Histologic sections were prepared from the 2 dogs not included in the removal torque testing. In the histometric analysis the GTAM alone group showed a mean mineralized bone-to-implant-contact of 27.1%, the DFDBA+GTAM group of 34.6%, and the HA+GTAM of 39.3%. The mineralized bone-to-implant-contact of the HA+GTAM group was significantly higher than that of the GTAM alone group. In addition, the mineralized bone-to-implant-contact was divided into an apical and coronal part using the apical seventh thread as the dividing landmark. In the apical region, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding mineralized bone-to-implant-contact. In the coronal part the mineralized bone-to-implant-contact of the GTAM alone group was significantly lower compared to the other 2 groups. Within the limits of this investigation, it can be concluded that the type of grafting material will not influence torque removal values, but that early membrane exposure and removal will negatively influence the torque measurements. The combination of GBR with a bone substitute increased the mineralized bone-to-implant contact.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed1997

Clinical effects of chlorhexidine mouthwashes on patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

This study compared the short-term clinical effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate and placebo mouthrinses in 30 adolescents (ages 11 to 15) undergoing orthodontic treatment. Subjects were randomized into experimental (CHX) and control (C) groups. Baseline values were recorded 10 days after prophylaxis and included Plaque index (PI), Gingival index (GI), Rentention Index (RI), Discoloration index (DI), and probing depths (PD). Both groups (CHX and C) received soft toothbrushes with instructions to brush twice daily, as well as the CHX and placebo mouthrinses, respectively, with oral and written instructions for rinsing twice daily with 15 ml for 30 seconds. Reevaluations were performed 1, 2, and 3 months after baseline, except for the DI and PD, which were only assessed at 3 months. The Student's t test and the paired t test were used to analyze the data at the P < 0.05 level of significance. No differences between groups were seen at baseline for any of the parameters. At 30 days, there was a significant difference for the RI between CHX (0.15 +/- 0.16; mean +/- SD) and C (0.05 +/- 0.06) at the mesial buccal, and for CHX (0.07 +/- 0.10) and C (0.02 +/- 0.05) at the midbuccal. The 60-day evaluation showed similar results. At 90 days, lower PI were observed in the CHX group at the distal buccal (0.38 +/- 0.19), midbuccal (0.22 +/- 0.17), and mesial buccal (0.47 +/- 0.22) sites as compared with the C group (0.97 +/- 0.38, 0.83 +/- 0.40, and 0.95 +/- 0.43, respectively). A similar trend was noted with the GI, as the lower values were related to the CHX group. The changes of the PI and GI, at 30, 60, and 90 days, as analyzed by the paired t test, were statistically significant in the case of the experimental group, as the changes in the means were a reflection of significantly lower scores observed in the experimental group. After 3 months, the DI showed higher scores in the experimental group as compared with the control, but they were not statistically significant. Deeper PD were detected in the C group at 90 days, and they were statistically significant, except for the midlingual site. The RI did not show significant differences at 90 days, but higher values were recorded in the CHX group. The data indicate that the use of the CHX, in addition to regular oral hygiene habits, was effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis in adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The effect of a calcium hydroxide paste on wound healing and osseointegration of dental implants. A pilot study in beagle dogs.

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a new calcium hydroxide suspension (Osteoinductal) on the healing process of endosseous dental implants after placement. The material, composed of 25% calcium hydroxide, 25% Oleum pedum tauri and 50% vaselinum album, was developed with the intention to accelerate and to increase the mineralized bone to implant contact during the healing phase. Eight adult beagle dogs were used in this study. Prior to the beginning of the study the dogs had all mandibular premolars extracted. After the extraction sites had healed for 3 months, implant osteotomies were performed. On one side of the mandibular premolars extracted. After the extraction sites had healed for 3 months, implant osteotomies were performed. On one side of the mandible Osteoinductal was applied into the osteotomies before placement of the implants, whereas the other side did not receive Osteoinductal. A total of 48 implants were placed with two losses during the entire study period. Two dogs were sacrificed 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 3 months after implant placement. The specimens were evaluated histologically and histomorphometrically. In the histological evaluation an intense inflammatory reaction towards the calcium hydroxide suspension was found leading to a destruction of the bone surrounding the implants after 1 and 2 weeks. A giant cell reaction against the test material was visible at 4 weeks. At 3 months no inflammatory and no giant cell reaction could be depicted in the test group. The mean direct bone to implant contact or inflammatory tissue to implant contact showed no differences between test and control group for 1 and 2 weeks. Although statistically not significant, there was a clinical significant difference in the mineralized bone to implant contact between test and control group for the last two timepoints (i.e. 4-week specimens: test group 2.3 +/- 0.9%, control group 26.8 +/- 11.1%; 3-month specimens: test group 10.5 +/- 12.7%, control group 60.7 +/- 13.7%). This study indicates that the use of the calcium hydroxide suspension Osteoinductal has a detrimental effect on wound healing and osseointegration of dental implants and cannot be recommended for use with dental implants.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1997

Custom-made root analogue titanium implants placed into extraction sockets. An experimental study in monkeys.

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate clinically and histologically a new custom-made, root analogue titanium implant placed into extraction sockets in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Three adult monkeys were used in this investigation. After raising full thickness flaps on the buccal and lingual side, the upper central and lateral incisors were extracted. Each tooth root was machine copied to 1 titanium analogue using a new CAD/CAM-system. The implants were installed in the respective extraction sockets and the flaps sutured back. After 6 months of healing biopsies were taken and processed according to the cutting-grinding technique. The percentage of mineralized bone-to-implant contact was measured as a fraction of the rough implant surface using computer-assisted analysis. The main clinical problem that occurred during implant placement was the fracture of the buccal alveolar wall. The histometric evaluation showed a mean mineralized bone-to-implant contact of 41.2 +/- 20.6%. In this investigation it could be shown that implants fabricated by laser copying will osseointegrate. The presented data encourage the performance of clinical and experimental trials evaluating the new system utilizing improved second generation CAD/CAM equipment. Such studies are currently underway.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Maxillary sinus augmentation using different grafting materials and dental implants in monkeys. Part III. Evaluation of autogenous bone combined with porous hydroxyapatite.

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinically, histologically, and histometrically the use of autogenous bone combined with porous hydroxyapatite (Interpore 200) as a grafting material for maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. In 4 adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) the 1st, 2nd and 3rd maxillary molars on one side of the jaws were extracted. After a healing period of 3 months, maxillary sinus augmentation procedures were performed in each monkey, and the sinuses were grafted with autogenous bone from the monkeys' tibia mixed in a 3:1 ratio with porous hydroxyapatite. At the same time, 2 pure titanium plasma-sprayed IMZ cylinder implants were immediately placed into the augmented sinuses (i.e. simultaneous implants-loaded group). After 4 months, 2 additional similar implants were placed into the previously augmented sinuses (i.e. delayed implants-loaded group). Four months later, the abutment connection was performed and all 4 implants were loaded with a gold-alloy bridge for 6 months (i.e. until sacrifice of the animals). The contralateral side of each monkey received similar treatment with the exception that the extractions were performed 7 months after those in the opposite side and that the implants were not loaded. Thus, 2 additional study groups (i.e. simultaneous implants unloaded group and delayed implants unloaded group) were obtained. Clinically, all loaded implants were stable at the day of sacrifice. Histologically, the grafted sinuses exhibited a significant amount of new bone formation. The porous hydroxyapatite granules appeared integrated with the newly formed bone. Histometric analyses revealed that delayed implant placement resulted in a greater amount of direct mineralized bone-to-implant contact in the augmented area than the simultaneous implant placement. Furthermore, the percentage of direct mineralized bone-to-implant contact was far more significant in the residual bone than in the augmented area. It was concluded that the autogenous bone/porous hydroxyapatite graft combination enhanced bone formation and mineralized bone-to-implant contact in the augmented sinuses and that the delayed implant placement may be favorable for sinus augmentation procedures.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Maxillary sinus augmentation using different grafting materials and dental implants in monkeys. Part I. Evaluation of anorganic bovine-derived bone matrix.

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinically, histologically and histometrically the use of anorganic bovine bone matrix (i.e. Bio-oss) as a grafting material for maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. In 4 adult male rhesus monkeys (i.e. Macaca mulatta) the 1st, 2nd and 3rd maxillary molars on one side of the jaws were extracted. The remaining bone between the alveolar crest and the bottom of the sinus was then reduced to 3-4 mm. After 3 months, maxillary sinus augmentation procedures were performed on one side of the jaws in each monkey and the sinuses were grafted with the bovine bone matrix. At that time, 2 IMZ pure titanium plasma coated implants were immediately placed into the augmented sinuses (i.e. simultaneous implants-loaded group). After 4 months, 2 additional similar implants were placed into these previously augmented sinuses (i.e. delayed implants-loaded group). Four months later, the abutment connection was performed and all 4 implants were loaded with a gold-alloy bridge for 6 months (i.e. until sacrifice of the animals). The contralateral side of each monkey received the same treatment with the exception that the extractions were performed 7 months after those in the opposite side and that the implants in this side were not loaded. Thus, 2 additional study groups (i.e. simultaneous implants-unloaded group and delayed implants-unloaded group) were obtained. Clinically, all loaded implants were stable at the day of sacrifice. Histologically, the grafted sinuses exhibited significant bone formation with integration of the bovine bone matrix particles to the new bone. Direct mineralized bone-to-implant contact was greater for the delayed implant placement groups than for the implants installed simultaneously with the sinus augmentation. Furthermore, the percentage of direct mineralized bone-to-implant contact was greater in the residual bone than in the augmented area. It was concluded that the anorganic bovine bone matrix facilitated bone formation and implant osseointegration in the augmented sinuses and that the delayed implant placement in combination with the sinus augmentation procedure seemed to be preferable.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1997

Maxillary sinus augmentation using different grafting materials and osseointegrated dental implants in monkeys. Part II. Evaluation of porous hydroxyapatite as a grafting material.

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinically, histologically and histometrically the use of porous hydroxyapatite (i.e. Interpore-200) as a bone grafting material for maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. In 4 adult male rhesus monkeys (i.e. Macaca mulatta) the 1st, 2nd and 3rd maxillary molars on one side of the jaws were extracted and the remaining bone between the alveolar crest and the bottom of the sinus was reduced to 3-4 mm. After 3 months, maxillary sinus augmentation procedures were performed on one side of the jaws in each monkey, and the sinuses grafted with the porous hydroxyapatite. Two IMZ titanium plasma-sprayed cylinder implants were then immediately placed into the augmented sinus (i.e. simultaneous implants-loaded group). After 4 months, 2 additional similar implants were placed into the previously augmented sinuses (i.e. delayed implants-loaded group). Four months later, the abutment connection was performed and all 4 implants were loaded with a gold-alloy bridge for 6 months (i.e. until sacrifice). The contralateral side of each monkey received the same treatment with the exception that the extractions were performed 7 months after those in the opposite side and that the implants in this side were not loaded. Thus, 2 additional study groups (i.e. simultaneous implants-unloaded group and delayed implants-unloaded group) were obtained. Clinically, all loaded implants were stable at the day of sacrifice. Histologic analysis demonstrated a significant amount of new bone formation in the augmented sinuses. Porous hydroxyapatite graft particles appeared to be integrated to the new bone. The percentage of direct mineralized bone-to-implant contact in the augmented area was greater on the delayed-placed implants than on the simultaneously-placed implants. Also, the percentage of direct mineralized bone-to-implant contact was greater in the residual bone than in the augmented area. It was concluded that this porous hydroxyapatite bone graft enhanced bone formation and bone-to-implant contact in the augmented sinuses and that the delayed implant placement in combination with the sinus augmentation procedure appears to result in a higher percentage of direct mineralized bone-to-implant contact.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1997

Maxillary sinus augmentation using different grafting materials and dental implants in monkeys. Part IV. Evaluation of hydroxyapatite-coated implants.

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinically, histologically and histometrically the use of hydroxyapatite-coated dental implants in conjunction with maxillary sinus augmentation procedures. In 4 adult male Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) the 3 maxillary molars on 1 side of the jaws were extracted and the remaining bone between the alveolar crest and the floor of the sinus was reduced to 3-4 mm. After 3 months, maxillary sinus augmentation procedures were performed in each monkey and the sinuses were grafted with a porous hydroxyapatite bone graft (Interpore-200). At the same time, 2 hydroxyapatite-coated cylinder implants (IMZ) were immediately placed into the augmented sinuses (i.e. simultaneous-implants-loaded group). Four months later, 2 additional similar implants were placed into the previously augmented sinuses (i.e. delayed-implants-loaded group). After 4 months, the abutment connection was performed and all 4 implants were loaded with a gold-alloy bridge for 6 months (i.e. until sacrifice of the animals). The contralateral side of each monkey received the same treatment with the exception that removal of the maxillary molars was performed 7 months after those in the opposite side, and that the implants in this side were not loaded. Thus, 2 additional study groups (i.e. simultaneous-implants-unloaded group and delayed-implants-unloaded group) were obtained. Clinically, all loaded and unloaded implants were stable the day of sacrifice. Histologically, the grafted sinuses exhibited a significant amount of new bone formation with integration of the porous hydroxyapatite graft particles and hydroxyapatite-coat of the dental implants to the new bone. Histometric analysis indicated that on the loaded side the implants placed simultaneously with the sinus lift procedure exhibited greater direct mineralized bone-to-implant contact than the delayed placed implants. In addition, the percentage of direct mineralized bone-to-implant contact was significantly greater in the residual bone in comparison to the augmented area in all groups. Loading of the implants exhibited a positive effect on the percentage of direct mineralized bone-to-implant contact in the augmented area. It could be concluded that hydroxyapatite-coated implants may be of benefit when used in conjunction with sinus augmentation procedures.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1997

Clinical comparison of resorbable and non-resorbable barriers for guided periodontal tissue regeneration.

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical results of guided periodontal tissue regeneration (GPTR) using a resorbable barrier manufactured from a copolymer of polylactic and polyglycolic acids (Resolut Regenerative Material) with those of non-resorbable e-PTFE barrier (Gore-Tex Periodontal Material). 12 subjects participated, 6 with similarly paired class II furcations and 6 with 2 similar 2, 3-wall periodontal lesions. The resorbable and non-resorbable barriers were randomly assigned to 1 defect in each subject. Non-resorbable barriers were removed in six weeks. Plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival recession (R) were recorded at baseline, (i.e., immediately prior to surgery) and at 12 months postsurgically. The clinical healing was similar and uneventful in both groups. Intrabony pockets depicted significant changes from baseline (p < 0.05) for probing depth reduction and gain in clinical attachment levels. No differences were found between treatments. Class II furcations showed significant improvements from baseline (p < or = 0.05) for probing depth reduction and clinical attachment gain. No differences were detected between treatments. It is concluded that the resorbable barrier tested is as effective as the nonresorbable e-PTFE barrier for the treatment of class II furcations and intrabony defects.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Vascular response to guided tissue regeneration procedures using nonresorbable and bioabsorbable membranes in dogs.

Revascularization of the periodontal tissues was studied following guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedures using both nonresorbable and bioabsorbable membranes. The procedures were performed in 8 female beagle dogs, 4 to 6 years old. Second, third, and fourth mandibular premolars were involved; experimental periods covered from 3 days to 49 days. After elevation of soft tissue flaps, Class II furcation defects were prepared by removing buccal alveolar bone from the teeth and exposed root surfaces were planed in order to remove root cementum. The quadrant was then flushed with sterile saline. Randomly selected, in one quadrant, the second and fourth premolars received nonresorbable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes. The other quadrant, second and fourth premolars, received the bioabsorbable membranes, made of glycolide and lactide polymers. After the membranes were in place, they were sutured. The third premolars of both quadrants served as negative controls. The animals were sacrificed by exsanguination under general anesthesia and then perfused through the carotid arteries with a combined solution of equal parts of India ink and 10% buffered formalin. Following fixation and demineralization, part of the blocks were processed to obtain cleared specimens following the method of Spalteholtz. The remaining blocks were processed for routine histologic examination. The findings, mainly from the cleared specimens, showed that at the early phase of healing, ePTFE membranes interfered with the revascularization while they were in place. Contrary to this, bioabsorbable membranes allowed earlier anastomosis of the vasculature of the flap and regenerated tissues. However, the long-term vascular response was similar for both membranes.

Absorption↗
PubMed1997

Healing of intrabony defects and its relationship to root canal therapy. A histologic and histometric study in dogs.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of root canal therapy in the healing process of severe intrabony defects. Four beagle dogs were used and 32 interproximal intrabony defects, up to the apical third, were created. Wire ligatures were placed into these defects for plaque accumulation. Three weeks later, the ligatures were removed and 4 different treatment modalities were employed: group 1) scaling and root planing (SRP); group 2) modified Widman flap (MWF); group 3) modified Widman flap and root canal therapy performed at the same time (RCT/MWF); and group 4) modified Widman flap and root canal therapy performed 3 weeks after the surgical procedure (MWF + RCT). Postoperative oral hygiene was obtained by spraying a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution 3 times a week. The animals were sacrificed 7 weeks after treatment. Blocks were obtained and processed for routine histology. Results were expressed as a percentage of the total defect length (TDL). No differences were observed when SRP was compared to MWF. New bone formation (BF) presented better results for SRP (43.4%) and MWF (53.4%) when compared to RCT/MWF (15.5%). New cementum formation (CF) presented better results for SRP (59.8%) and MWF (64.6%) when compared to RCT/MWF (19.3%) and MWF + RCT (31.5%). Connective tissue repair (CTR) presented better results for SRP (72.4%) and MWF (74.2%) when compared to RCT/MWF (47.5%) and MWF + RCT (44.4%). Results were statistically significant at the level of 0.05. Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that root canal therapy performed simultaneously or 3 weeks after surgery modified the healing of intrabony defects, impairing new bone formation, new cementum formation and new attachment.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1997

Guided periodontal tissue regeneration in interproximal intrabony defects following treatment with a synthetic bioabsorbable barrier.

This study evaluated guided periodontal tissue regeneration (GPTR) wound healing in interproximal intrabony periodontal defects following surgical treatment with a synthetic bioabsorbable barrier made from a copolymer of glycolide and lactide. Periodontal lesions were induced around the mandibular central incisor teeth of 10 adult male rhesus monkeys using orthodontic elastics. Once similar contralateral interproximal defects had been created, the elastics were removed and an oral hygiene program was initiated and maintained until completion of the study. Three weeks after commencing oral hygiene, flap surgery was performed in the mandibular incisor region and the root surfaces were thoroughly scaled and root planed to the apical portion of the defects. On the test sites, a bioabsorbable barrier was placed over the entire interproximal periodontal defect. Control sites did not receive a barrier. Five months after surgery, the animals were sacrificed and the teeth with their supporting periodontium were processed for light microscopic evaluation. Postoperative clinical healing progressed uneventfully and was similar in both control and test sites. Histologic observations from control specimens indicated reparative healing characterized by a long junctional epithelium with limited cementum and bone formation. Test specimens exhibited significantly more new connective tissue attachment, cementum deposition, and bone formation than the control sites (P < 0.001). The barriers had been completely resorbed with no apparent adverse effect on periodontal wound healing. It was concluded that this bioabsorbable barrier facilitated GPTR wound healing in interproximal intrabony periodontal defects.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1997

Guided periodontal tissue regeneration in Class II furcation defects following treatment with a synthetic bioabsorbable barrier.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate guided periodontal tissue regeneration (GPTR) wound healing in Class II furcation defects following surgical treatment with a synthetic bioabsorbable barrier manufactured from a copolymer of glycolide and lactide. Periodonal lesions were induced in four adult male rhesus monkeys around the mandibular first, second, and third molar teeth using orthodontic elastics. After obtaining approximately 30% bone loss, the elastics were replaced by a stainless steel wire which had a projection extending into the furcation. Once similar contralateral Class II furcation defects had been created, the wires were removed, and an oral hygiene program was initiated and maintained until completion of the study. Three weeks after commencing oral hygiene, flap surgery was performed in the mandibular molar region and the root surfaces were thoroughly scaled and root planed to the apical portion of the defects. A bioabsorbable barrier was then placed to cover the furcation defects on one side of the jaw (i.e., test sites). No barriers were placed on the contralateral molars (i.e., control sites). Five months after surgery, the animals were sacrificed and the teeth with their supporting periodontium were processed for light microscopic evaluation. Clinical healing progressed normally and was similar in both groups. Histologic observations from control specimens indicated repair with epithelium and connective tissue occupying the majority of the furcation defects. Test specimens exhibited definitive evidence of regeneration with significantly greater new connective tissue attachment, cementum deposition, and bone formation than the control sites (P < 0.001). It was concluded that this bioabsorbable barrier facilitated GPTR wound healing in Class II furcation defects.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1996

Effectiveness of subgingival scaling and root planing: single versus multiple episodes of instrumentation.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of subgingival scaling and root planing comparing the effect of a single instrumentation to the effect of three instrumentations. A total of 35 teeth in 15 patients were selected; 15 were scaled once (Group A), 15 were scaled three times (Group B), and 5 were used as controls (Group C), representing teeth that were not instrumented. The Group A and B teeth were chosen in the same patient based on random selection. All the teeth were scored by the calculus index of the periodontal disease index. Six surface locations were probed to determine probing depth. The level of the gingival margin was marked on the teeth to locate supra- and subgingival calculus after extraction. The Group A and B teeth received the initial episode of scaling and root planing for not more than 10 minutes, then only the Group B teeth received two additional instrumentations of not more than 5 minutes each. The additional instrumentations were performed 24 hours after the initial scaling. The scaled and control teeth were extracted immediately after the third instrumentation period. The teeth were washed with water and stained with methylene blue. They were viewed under a stereomicroscope which had a tenth grid on its eyepiece. Assessments were made involving the total counts and percents of the surfaces covered with calculus on the scaled and unscaled teeth. The results demonstrated no significant difference in the effectiveness of calculus removal between single and multiple episodes of scaling and root planing. Similar results were found for the total amount of calculus removed, the calculus removed from individual surfaces, and the calculus removed from various probing depth levels.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A prospective multi-center study evaluating periodontal regeneration for Class II furcation invasions and intrabony defects after treatment with a bioabsorbable barrier membrane: 1-year results.

The purpose of this prospective multi-center study was to evaluate a resorbable barrier membrane designed for periodontal regeneration. Thirty-one Class II furcations and 30 two- and three-wall intrabony defects were treated by flap debridement and bioabsorbable barrier membrane augmentation. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated in terms of changes in vertical probing depth (PD), horizontal probing depth (HPD), clinical attachment levels (CAL), and recession. Five centers participated in the study. Changes in clinical parameters are reported by individual center and by the average of the centers. All patients had either one molar with a Class II furcation or an intrabony defect. Baseline data were taken on the day of surgery. Post-treatment data were collected at 6 months and 1 year. This report is based on the 1-year findings. The average initial PD for Class II furcations was 6.1 mm. At 1 year the average PD was reduced to 3.6 mm, a 2.5 mm change. These differences were clinically and statistically significant (P < 0.0001). There was an average gain of 2.1 mm of clinical attachment (P < 0.0001) and 0.4 mm of recession (P < 0.04). There was a mean of 1.8 mm change in HPD (P < 0.0001). For intrabony defects, at 1 year there was an average PD reduction of 4.1 mm (P < 0.0001) and a mean gain of CAL of 2.9 mm (P < 0.0001). At 1 year the average recession was 0.9 mm which was statistically significant. When treatment outcomes were compared between centers there were no differences for either group of treated defects. There were differences between centers when baseline PD for furcations and intrabony sites were compared. The results of this study indicate that clinically and statistically significant improvements in PD, CAL, and HPD occurred after treatment of Class II furcations and 2- to 3-wall intrabony defects with the bioabsorbable periodontal membrane.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Guided periodontal tissue regeneration (GPTR): an update.

Periodontal therapy has three primary objectives--elimination of etiologic factors, repair or regeneration of the lost attachment apparatus, and prevention of further periodontal breakdown. Significant progress has occurred in the area of surgical periodontal therapy during the last two decades. Periodontal regeneration has become a viable treatment option utilizing the principles of guided tissue regeneration. The learning objective of this article is to review the biologic rationale, the various barrier materials currently available, and the surgical techniques for guided periodontal tissue regeneration procedures using nonresorbable and resorbable barriers, with and without bone grafting materials.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1995

The antiviral spectrum of Listerine antiseptic.

The mechanism of activity and the antiviral spectrum of Listerine antiseptic have not been examined thoroughly. We therefore tested its effect on laboratory strains of herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 (enveloped DNA viruses), influenza A virus (enveloped RNA virus), rotavirus (nonenveloped RNA virus), and adenovirus type 5 (nonenveloped DNA virus). Each virus was mixed with an equal volume of Listerine for 30 seconds to 5 minutes, and the residual infectivity of the virus was assessed. An antiviral effect was defined as greater than 95% reduction of infectivity. Exposure to Listerine for 30 seconds had an antiviral effect against herpes simplex type-1 and type-2 (96.3% and 100% reduction in infectious virus, respectively) and influenza A (100% reduction). In contrast, rotavirus-induced plaque formation was reduced by 12.2% after 30 seconds of exposure to Listerine, whereas 5 minutes of exposure to Listerine resulted in a 21.5% increase in plaque formation. Exposure of adenovirus to Listerine had a minimal effect on the cytopathocity of the virus, with a 33.4% reduction in virus levels after 5 minutes. The antiviral activity of Listerine is thus not related to the viral genome but is probably directed to the viral envelope.

Adenoviridae↗