Biomedical subjects
R G Grainger
Publications and source records attributed to R G Grainger.
Low osmolar contrast media: an appraisal.
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A clinical trial of a new low osmolality contrast medium. Sodium and meglumine ioxaglate (Hexabrix) compared with meglumine iothalamate (Conray) for carotid arteriography.
The discomfort of cerebral arteriography is due mainly to the osmolality of the contrast medium injection. A new low osmolality contrast medium--Hexabrix (32% iodine)--sodium and meglumine salts of ioxaglic acid was compared with Conray 280 (28% iodine)--meglumine iothalamate for carotid arteriography in 33 conscious patients. 30 patients preferred the ioxaglate solution which caused significantly less sensation of heat. Three patients could not distinguish between the two media. No patient preferred iothalamate. Ioxaglic acid is a newly synthesized mono-acid dimer. Its salts produce the same osmolality as non-ionics (e.g. metrizamide), and one third of the osmolality of currently used mono-valent salts (e.g. meglumine iothalamate) in solutions of the same iodine content. Low osmolality contrast media have significant clinical advantages and will probably become the media of choice for arteriography and venography.
Chronic spinal arachnoiditis.
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Myelography and lumbar renography.
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Some complications and medicolegal implications of radio-diagnostic procedures.
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Upper gastrointestinal tract visualization as an aid to the interpretation of pancreas scintigrams.
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The radiological diagnosis of interstitial pulmonary oedema.
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Technique of lumbar myelography with metrizamide.
It is not possible to change from oily to aqueous contrast media for myelography without modifying the entire technique. The advantages of myelography with metrizamide (Amipaque) are so great in terms of improved diagnostic accuracy, no withdrawal of contrast medium and reduced incidence of arachnoiditis that it is firmly believed that this technique will soon replace oily myelography as standard practice, at least for the lumbar and thoracic regions.
Lumbar myelography with metrizamide-a new non-ionic contrast medium.
In contradistinction to all currently available water-soluble contrast media, metrizamide (Amipaque) is not a salt, but a substituted amide and therefore does not dissociate in solution. This unique property results in solutions of high iodine content yet with low osmolality. Metrizamide probably has a lower neurotoxicity than any other known water-soluble contrast agent. A clinical trial of metrizamide lumbar myelography in 201 patients in three clinical centres represents the first clinical assessment of this new contrast medium in the United Kingdom. The technique of the radiological procedure and the adverse reactions encountered are presented and discussed. There were no serious adverse effects: no muscle spasm or epilepsy. Minor adverse reactions--headache, vomiting and nausea occur with approximately the same frequency as with meglumine iocarmate: 43 percent of patients complained of headache. In 118 patients, the lower dorsal subarachnoid space was also examined with no increase in toxic reactions. It is concluded that metrizamide is a safe contrast medium for lumbar and lower dorsal myelography. Water-soluble media will probably largely replace oil products for these investigations. Further clinical trials are being extended to include examination of the upper dorsal and cervical subarachnoid space.
Clinical aspects of vinyl chloride disease: acro-osteolysis.
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