Hepatic encephalopathy.
The syndrome of hepatic encephalopathy has mystified physicians since the time of Hippocrates, and it continues to do so. It is difficult to succinctly define, diagnose with certainty, or attempt to explore its pathogenesis. The literature on this topic is confusing and often contradictory. Nevertheless, very effective empirical therapy has been devised for this syndrome. We discuss selected aspects of diagnosis, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Emphasis is placed on the three-pronged clinical strategy to manage hepatic encephalopathy that encompasses both diagnostic and treatment measures. The burgeoning area of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy is discussed in more detail than in most reviews of this topic. We also propose a new term for the field-acute liver failure-associated hepatic encephalopathy (ALFA-HE)-to replace the unsatisfactory older term, fulminant hepatic failure.