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Biomedical subjects

R Galloway

Publications and source records attributed to R Galloway.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Ultrasound-to-computer-tomography registration for image-guided laparoscopic liver surgery.

BACKGROUND: The application of image-guided surgery (IGS) to laparoscopic liver resection and ablation is currently limited, but it would assist in intraoperative decision making regarding oncologic margins, ablation probe placement, and ablation tracking. METHODS: Eight spherical surface targets on a liver phantom were imaged with an optically tracked laparoscopic ultrasound (US) probe. Ten US images of each target were registered to computer tomography (CT) images of the phantoms and then mapped to the CT scans. Accuracy of the registration was assessed by comparing the distance between the predicted target location and the position obtained directly from CT. RESULTS: The average localization error was 5.3 mm. The errors resulted primarily from inaccurate US probe tracking but were otherwise insensitive to the variability that arises from manually identifying targets in US and CT images. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained for US-to-CT registration in a phantom model suggest that further investigations into its clinical use are warranted and that other IGS technologies could be applied to laparoscopic liver surgery as well.

Hepatectomy↗
PubMed2005

Reclassification of Leptospira parva Hovind-Hougen et al. 1982 as Turneriella parva gen. nov., comb. nov.

Analysis of the G+C content, DNA-DNA relatedness to other leptospires and 16S rRNA gene sequence of Leptospira parva showed that this species was not related to other Leptospira species. On the basis of these data, it is proposed that Leptospira parva should be transferred to the genus Turneriella as Turneriella parva gen. nov., comb. nov., with strain H(T) (=NCTC 11395(T)=ATCC BAA-1111(T)) as the type strain.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed2000

Deliberate self-poisoning presenting at a rural hospital in Northern Ireland 1976-1996: relationship to prescribing.

PURPOSE: This study reports on a project to monitor deliberate self-poisoning in a rural area of Northern Ireland over a 20-year period. Comparison is made with reports from large urban centres. In addition, a local prescribing database allows assessment of any association between psychotropic drug prescription and use for deliberate self-poisoning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Frequency of self-poisoning, demographic details and drugs used were recorded for all episodes of deliberate self-poisoning occurring at Craigavon Area Hospital for the years 1976, 1986, 1991 and 1996. It was possible to compare prescriptions of psychotropic drugs with their use for deliberate self-poisoning between the years 1991 and 1996 in the region served by the hospital, using the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) system. RESULTS: In this rural area the pattern of deliberate self-poisoning has changed, as in urban centres, with a rise in frequency and the male/female ratio approaching unity. The pattern of drug use has altered, with paracetamol overtaking benzodiazepines as the most commonly used agent. More recently, antidepressants have become the second most frequently used drug class for this purpose. Psychotropic medications used for self-poisoning altered in proportion to their prescription between the years 1991 and 1996. CONCLUSIONS: In the face of a continuing rise in deliberate self-poisoning, which is effecting both urban and rural areas, care should be taken to prescribe the least toxic agent available as this is associated with likely frequency of self-poisoning for most classes of psychotropic drug.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Reaching young Indonesian women through marriage registries: an innovative approach for anemia control.

In an effort to build iron stores before pregnancy and reduce the high prevalence of anemia in Indonesia, the Ministry of Health/Indonesia and the MotherCare project implemented an anemia control program for newly wed women. As part of an existing program to counsel couples about marriage and require them to obtain tetanus toxoid immunization before obtaining a marriage certificate, women also were counseled to buy and take 30-60 iron-folate (IFA) tablets. Women (n = 344) were enrolled from one of three participating districts in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. At first monitoring, at least 30 d after baseline, 261 women were tested for hemoglobin and asked about their IFA tablet consumption and knowledge of information, education, and communications (IEC) materials promoted through the program. Results showed that there was a decrease in the prevalence of anemia from 23.8 to 14.0% over the course of the program, 98% of women had taken at least some IFA tablets and 56% had taken >30 tablets.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Induction of the heat shock response prevents tissue injury during acute inflammation of the rat ileum.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if prior total body hyperthermia protected against subsequent acute ileitis induced by the cytotoxic lectin, ricin, in rats. The time course of heat shock mRNA and protein expression in the ileum was determined. The effects of heat stress on small intestinal mucosal integrity, arachidonic acid metabolism, and neutrophilic infiltrate were compared in heated and nonheated rats receiving vehicle or ricin intraluminally. The effect of hyperthermia on the circulating neutrophil superoxide production was also evaluated. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial. SETTING: University research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Forty-one adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 150 to 250 g, and 32 adult, inbred, male Fisher 344 rats, weighing 175 to 250 g. INTERVENTIONS: Exposure to whole body hyperthermia and production of acute ileitis. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four experimental groups: nonheated control group, heated control group, nonheated ricin group (1 mg/mL water, intraluminal), and heated ricin group. Sprague-Dawley rats in a separate study were assigned to seven groups based on the time of removal of the terminal ileum following hyperthermia: 0 min, or 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hrs. Inbred Fisher 344 rats were allocated to the heated and nonheated groups for peripheral neutrophil superoxide generation studies. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Whole body hyperthermia to a rectal temperature of 41 degrees C to 42 degrees C for 15 to 20 mins: a) was associated with marked mucosal cytoprotection against subsequent ricin-induced ileitis (Injury grade [from 0 = normal to 5 = severe]: 0.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.2, p < .001); b) prevented the ricin-induced reduction in villus height to crypt depth ratio (2.4 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.1, p < .01); and c) significantly reduced the number of infiltrating neutrophils when compared with nonheated ricin-treated rats (11 +/- 2 vs. 32 +/- 3 neutrophils/high-power field, p < .001). The hyperthermia-induced peak increase in heat shock protein (HSP)-70 mRNA at 2 hrs preceded that of HSP 70i at 4 hrs. Heat shock significantly reduced the ricin-induced increase in both basal (8.0 +/- 1.9 vs. 33.0 +/- 8.1 pg of leukotriene B4/mg protein, p < .05) and ionophore-stimulated (16.0 +/- 4.9 vs. 80.0 +/- 15.5 pg of leukotriene B4/mg protein, p < .001) generation of ileal leukotriene B4, but did not alter the cyclooxygenase product, prostaglandin E2. Hyperthermia did not alter peripheral neutrophil superoxide production. CONCLUSIONS: This study assessed the effects of heat shock in the normal and acutely inflamed intestine. These data suggest that heat stress and increased expression of HSP 70i protect against acute intestinal inflammation. This protection is associated with significant reductions in ileal leukotriene B4 generation and neutrophilic infiltrate. Hyperthermia did not alter circulating neutrophil superoxide production. Thus, the mechanism of heat stress protection against acute ileitis may involve local intestinal inhibition of leukotriene B4 production and subsequent neutrophilic infiltration without altering the ability of systemic neutrophils to be activated.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Induction of heat-shock protein 72 protects against ischemia/reperfusion in rat small intestine.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Induction of heat-shock protein 72 is associated with enhanced tolerance to subsequent nonthermal stresses. This study evaluated whether induction of heat-shock protein 72 protects against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Groups of nonheated and heated rats underwent sham operation, 30 minutes of ischemia by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery, or ischemia followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Whole-body hyperthermia to a core temperature of 41.5-42 degrees C for 15-20 minutes was followed by passive cooling 2-3 hours before the experiment. Samples of small intestine were obtained for determination of heat-shock protein 72 production and ex vivo generation of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 and for histological assessment of mucosal injury and number of neutrophils. RESULTS: Hyperthermia significantly increased heat-shock protein 72 production and significantly reduced ischemia/reperfusion-induced mucosal injury, neutrophilic infiltration, and leukotriene B4 production. Levels of leukotriene B4 and numbers of neutrophils were well correlated in nonheated (r = 0.72) but not in heated groups (r = -0.16). The elevation of prostaglandin E2 levels in response to ischemia and reperfusion was unaltered by hyperthermia. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of heat stress-induced protection against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury involves inhibition of leukotriene B4 production and subsequent prevention of neutrophil activation and chemotaxis.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Determinants of compliance with iron supplementation: supplies, side effects, or psychology?

Iron deficiency anemia affects over 2 billion people. Particularly at risk are pregnant women and young children. Although distribution of iron supplements is practised in many antenatal care programs in developing countries, it has often been alleged that pregnant women do not take them. Poor compliance arises not only because of patient behavior but also from factors out of the patient's control. This paper presents the results of a review of the literature on medical compliance to determine whether iron supplementation is different from other medications, to assess the known levels of compliance, and to synthesize recommendations for improving compliance relevant to iron supplementation. The review showed that compliance with iron therapy is a specific case of medical compliance. Reasons for non-compliance with iron deficiency treatment include: inadequate program support (lack of political commitment and financial support); insufficient service delivery (poor provider-user dynamics; lack of supplies, access, training, and motivation of health care professionals); and patient factors (misunderstanding instructions, side effects, frustration about the frequency and number of pills taken, migration, fear of having big babies, personal problems, nausea that accompanies pregnancy, and the subtlety of anemia which makes demand for treatment low). Much has been made about the side effects (nausea, constipation, etc.) that women might experience during iron therapy as the cause of poor compliance with iron supplementation without justification according to this review. Instead, unavailability of iron supplements was the most common reason why women did not take iron supplements. Women bear a disproportionate burden from iron deficiency anemia even though the technology exists to address the problem at low cost. Governments and health care professionals must renew their commitment to iron therapy by monitoring and improving compliance. We can significantly improve compliance by: making sure that iron supplements are available at all times; providing advanced warning about the possibility of side effects; involving the patient in the therapeutic strategy; and providing reminders, such as posters and calendars, about taking supplements.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed1994

Changes in the pattern of deliberate self-poisoning presenting at Craigavon Area Hospital: 1976, 1986 and 1991.

Deliberate self-poisoning presenting at Craigavon Area Hospital in 1991 was examined and compared to the years 1976 and 1986. Self-poisoning has not declined over the 15 year period 1976-1991. The reduction in the use of benzodiazepines, and increase in paracetamol, previously reported, continues. Possible reasons for this are examined, in relation to local and national drug prescribing.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1992

Deliberate self-poisoning presenting at Craigavon Area Hospital: 1976 and 1986.

Deliberate self-poisoning presenting at Craigavon Area Hospital was compared in the years of 1976 and 1986. A decline in the use of benzodiazepines and increase in other agents, notably paracetamol, is reported. Alcohol is frequently associated with deliberate self-poisoning, while severe mental illness is less common. Diagnostic practice may have effects on bed occupancy in this group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Multiple coronary bypass grafting: current mortality and morbidity.

Although coronary artery bypass surgery has become increasingly popular in recent years, recent critical reports have cast doubt on its efficacy in certain groups of patients. Our report reviews a recent experience with multiple coronary bypass grafting for triple vessel disease. From March 1976 to October 1978, 276 patients received from three to nine coronary bypass grafts. Combined procedures including valve replacement and ventricular aneurysmectomy are included. There were two operative deaths (30 days) for a 0.7% operative mortality. Eleven patients (4%) sustained a perioperative infarction. Other nonfatal operative complications are reviewed. The overall safety and low morbidity allow us to recommend coronary bypass surgery to certain controversial subsets of patients, ie, those with high-grade double and triple vessel disease with stable angina.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗