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Biomedical subjects

R Graham

Publications and source records attributed to R Graham.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Genomic organization of the human alpha-adducin gene and its alternately spliced isoforms.

The cDNA for the human alpha-adducin gene has been cloned, and different alternately spliced forms have been identified. We report the complete genomic organization of the human alpha-adducin gene and these alternately spliced forms. The human alpha-adducin gene, spanning approximately 85 kb, consists of 16 exons ranging in size from 34 to 1892 bp. One of the spliced forms of the human alpha-adducin gene results from alternate use of the 5' splice donor site for exon 10, while another results in a truncated protein following insertion of 34 bp comprising exon 15, followed by a premature stop codon. This alternate spliced form of alpha-adducin is predicted to result in an altered carboxyl terminus that would eliminate a protein kinase and calmodulin binding site. Seven nucleotide substitutions and 4 insertion/deletions were also identified. The 5' region of the human alpha-adducin gene contains one Sp1 site, two AP2 sites, and two CAAT boxes. No TATA box was apparent, consistent with features of a housekeeping gene. We have mapped another cDNA within the first intron of the human alpha-adducin gene, suggesting overlapping genes in this 4p16.3 genomic region.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1995

Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in an intensive care unit by random amplification of polymorphic DNA assay.

From July to September 1993 in the intensive care unit of the Royal Victoria Hospital there were 10 cases of pneumonia associated with sputum culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The isolates had an identical biotype and pyocine typing profile. The same strain of P. aeruginosa was recovered from the sink plug-hole in two rooms, and the tap handles and ventilator tubing in a third room. All strains were retrospectively typed by the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method using a 26-mer oligonucleotide primer, and were identical in profile. Recommendations to medical and nursing staff included secretion isolation precautions, terminal disinfection after patient discharge, use of disposable vinyl gloves by hospital staff for all body substance contacts, thorough handwashing with 4% chlorhexidine gluconate before and after dealing with all patient contacts, and prompt, appropriate antibiotic treatment for P. aeruginosa pneumonia. RAPD is a simple and effective method to determine the relatedness of P. aeruginosa isolates, and typing results are available within a single working day; thus dramatically increasing its clinical relevance over existing molecular methods.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1995

The feasibility and reliability of using a home screening test to detect gingival inflammation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of using a home screening occult blood test to detect the presence of gingival inflammation. Fifty (50) healthy male and female subjects participated in this study. Pre- and post-stimulation saliva samples were obtained and tested for occult blood. Subjects brushed for one minute to stimulate gingival bleeding associated with inflammation. Saliva samples were obtained and tested for occult blood using a commercial screening kit. Following the screening test, a bleeding index (BOP) was determined and used as an indicator of gingival inflammation. Those with a BOP > 50% were assigned to the high group. Those with a BOP of 31 to 50% were assigned to the middle group, and those with a BOP of < or = 30% were assigned to the low group. Twelve subjects in the high group, 10 subjects in the mid group, and 2 subjects in the low group tested positive for occult blood following stimulation. A chi-square analysis showed an association between the screening test for occult blood and the groups (P = 0.0001). The test sensitivity was 75.9% and the specificity was 90.5%.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Entry of US medical school graduates into family practice residences: 1994-1995 and 3-year summary.

This is the 14th report prepared by the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) on the percentage of each US medical school's graduates entering family practice residency programs. Approximately 13.4% of the 15,620 graduates of US medical schools between July 1993 and June 1994 were first-year family practice residents in October 1994, compared with 12.3% the previous year. This is the highest percentage since 1980-1981, when this series of studies began. Medical school graduates from publicly funded medical schools were almost twice as likely to be first-year family practice residents in October 1993 than were residents from privately funded schools, 16.4% compared with 9.0%. The West North Central region reported the highest percentage of medical school graduates who were first-year residents in family practice programs in October 1994 at 20.1%; the Middle Atlantic and New England regions continued with the lowest percentages at 7.5% and 8.7%, respectively. At least one in four graduates from 12 medical schools during the reporting period was in a family practice residency program in October 1994, compared with nine in October 1993 and only two medical schools in 1992. Approximately one in two medical school graduates entering a family practice residency program as first-year residents in October 1994 entered a program in the same state where they graduated from medical school. The percentages for each medical school have varied substantially from year to year since the AAFP began reporting this information. The average percentage for each medical school for the last 3 years is reported.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Results of the 1995 National Resident Matching Program: family practice.

The 1995 National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) results broke records in the number of positions filled in family practice residencies, with an increase of 11.8% over 1994 figures (2,563 vs 2,293) and an increase of 12.5% in positions filled with US seniors (2,081 vs 1,850). This is the largest number of US seniors choosing family practice in the NRMP's history. In keeping with the trend that began in 1992, 7% more positions were filled on July 1, 1995, than were filled at the same time in 1994 (3,252 vs 3,040). Internal medicine residencies matched 74 more US seniors in 1995, and pediatric residencies matched 84 more US seniors. Given the anticipated career choices of students entering residency training in the generalist disciplines (95% of students matching in family practice, 60% of students matching in pediatrics, and 45% of students matching in internal medicine), it is expected that 33.5% of the class of 1995 (Liaison Committee on Medical Education-accredited medical schools) will practice as generalists. First-year positions offered in family practice through the NRMP increased 6%, and the number of Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education-accredited family practice residency programs increased 3% (421 vs 410). With continued increased interest in family practice as a career choice and the need for more family physicians, support for the nation's family practice residency programs continues to be of critical importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Failed validation of a clinical decision rule for the use of radiography in acute ankle injury.

AIM: To validate the Ottawa clinical decision rule for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries. METHOD: A prospective, multicentre trial of 350 adult patients presenting with acute ankle injuries consisting of correlation of the features of the Ottawa clinical decision rule with the results of x-rays. RESULTS: There were 75 fractures in 350 patients, five of which would have been missed by the clinical decision rule. The sensitivity of the rule was 93% with a specificity of 11%. The positive predictive value was 22%, the false negative rate 14%. Fractures that would have been missed by the clinical decision rule included one unstable fracture of the ankle, one fracture of the talus, one calcaneal fracture and one fracture each of the cuboid and navicular. CONCLUSION: The Ottawa clinical decision rule for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries is unacceptable for application in emergency departments in New Zealand due to a high false negative rate.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Precise mapping of the brain alpha 2-adrenergic receptor gene within chromosome 4p16.

The gene encoding the brain alpha 2-adrenergic receptor (ADRA2C) is located on human chromosome 4. It has been circumstantially associated with a number of human disorders, including Parkinson disease, panic disorders, and Huntington disease (HD). Using somatic cell hybrids, we localized the gene to chromosome 4p16 distal to P8 (D4S62). To investigate this locus further, we isolated several cosmid clones covering the entire gene. The gene was found to be intronless. Two (GT)n repeats in close proximity to the ADRAC2 gene were analyzed and used to define its precise location. Linkage disequilibrium studies of one microsatellite in HD families showed strong nonrandom association to the HD mutation, indicating its tight linkage to the HD gene. The investigation of families carrying recombinant chromosomes, pulsed-field analysis, and genomic walking mapped the ADRA2C gene adjacent to D4S81, 500 kb proximal to the HD gene. The newly defined microsatellites at the ADRAC2 locus, its precise localization within 4p16, and the detailed PCR conditions facilitate the identification of any defect caused by this gene.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Preparative in situ hybridization: selection of chromosome region-specific libraries on mitotic chromosomes.

We have developed preparative in situ hybridization (Prep-ISH) of complex DNA populations to mitotic chromosomes as a means of generating chromosome region-specific DNA subpopulations. Prep-ISH is a combination of two cytogenetic techniques: in situ hybridization of DNA molecules to mitotic chromosomes and chromosome microdissection. Here, we present test cases demonstrating the feasibility of this approach on mouse and human genomes, using single nuclei, single chromosomes, or single chromosomal subregions to assess sensitivity, specificity, and representation of the Prep-ISH technique. Prep-ISH has a number of applications in studies of gene expression and genome organization, including efficient cytogenetic sorting of tissue-specific cDNAs and genomic DNA libraries. In addition, Prep-ISH is likely to dramatically reduce the number of candidate genes to aid in gene discovery efforts and to improve efficiency of developing transcription maps and YAC and cosmid contigs through defined cytogenetic regions.

Animals↗