Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R Hopkins.
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The opinions of 600 randomly selected doctors on what should be taught to undergraduates in clinical years were analysed. The respondents gave a high priority to general medicine, paediatrics, general surgery, casualty, and gynaecology, but a low priority to forensic medicine, plastic surgery, radiotherapy, anaesthetics, radiology, and rehabilitation medicine. Doctors thought that these should be taught to postgraduates. The two major groupings of doctors--general practitioners and consultants--gave essentially the same priorities. Undergraduate curricula cannot include all major specialities, so the results of this analysis may provide a useful basis for selecting the most suitable subjects. Criteria for including other specialties might be the ability and enthusiasm of the teachers and well-thought-out and academically sound teaching programmes.
The effect of indomethacin suppositories was observed in 102 patients. Some patients had rectal irritation (9%), and a few had difficulty in inserting the suppository. Most patients tolerated the medication well with relief of joint symptoms (the major reason for prescription) and usually with alleviation of dyspepsia (the second commonest reason for giving the drug in this way).
Human group O rhesus negative erythrocytes were spherocyted and fixed in glutaraldehyde, then coated initially with HBsAg and subsequently with anti-HBs. The resulting reagent was found to agglutinate in the presence of HBsAg positive serum, but not in HBsAg negative serum. The assay was evaluated for blood donor screening (39,962 donations) over a 6-month period, and was compared with Hepatest (RPHA) and AUSRIA-2 (RIA) for the study of two established HBsAg panels.
Seven different types of lecturing technique were assessed in 14 groups of nurses at 2 hospitals. Two lectures in rheumatology were given to each group and a multiple choice questionnaire answered by the nurses immediately after the lecture and 3 months later. A significant amount of knowledge was imparted by the lecturer. About a third of the knowledge, however, was lost within a minute of the end of the lecture, and a half to two-thirds within 3 months. There was no correlation between scores and the row on which the students sat. There was no significant difference between the scores of overseas students and those of British nurses. At immediate recall the techniques differed little. The techniques which scored best were giving the questionnaire before the lectures, giving handouts and using the blackboard. At delayed recall 100% differences in marks were seen between the worst and best techniques in the second lecture. The same techniques which scored best at immediate recall did so on delayed recall. The lowest score occurred where note taking was forbidden. Some questions scored significantly better with note taking. When note taking was forbidden, it made no difference if the student was an habitual notetaker or not. Nor did it make any difference if she was frustrated by the ban. There was no correlation between entry qualifications and the scores obtained. Nurses at a non-teaching hospital did just as well as those at a teaching hospital. It should be emphasised that teaching endeavours to influence 3 aspects-knowledge, skills and attitudes. This series of experiments largely tests the first, but does suggest that a technique which scores highly on information recall may be less helpful in forming constructive attitudes to the patient.
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The temporal and qualitative aspects of the conceptual process of a small number of pregnancies achieved by donor insemination have been analysed to understand the semen values required and the optimal insemination timing and route.
In healthy normal subjects following the administration of labetalol the pharmacological effects were measured and compared with the plasma concentrations achieved. The inhibition of exercise induced tachycardia and inhibition of exercise induced increases in systolic pressure were significantly related to the administered dose of labetalol. Labetalol was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and peak plasma concentrations occurred two hours after oral administration. There was a linear correlation (r = 0.84) between the logarithm of the plasma concentration and the maximum inhibition of exercise tachycardia at two hours. After intravenous administration there was an immediate reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with a concomitant small increase in heart rate. There was a rapid decline in the associated plasma concentration but the pharmacological effects were maintained in excess of two hours. Our findings are consistent with those of others who have studied the relationship between pharmacological events and plasma concentrations after single doses of other adrenoceptor blocking drugs.
We measured the in vivo incorporation of 2-aminopurine into DNA of T4 bacteriophage allelic for gene 43 (DNA polymerase), mutator (L56), 43+, and antimutator (L141). The magnitude of incorporation (mol/mol of Thy) was 1/1500 in L56, 1/1600 in 43+, and 1/8900 in L141. The incorporation ratio L56:43+:L141 in vivo was equal to that mediated by the purified DNA polymerases of these allelic phages in vitro. A model for 2-aminopurine-induced A-T in equilibrium G-C transitions is discussed. The model is used to predict the magnitudes of replication errors (C mispairing with a template 2-aminopurine) and incorporation errors (2-aminopurine mispairing with a template C) per round of replication and to investigate the asymmetry in 2-aminopurine-induced transitions favoring the A-T leads to G-C pathway over G-C leads to A-T. We suggest that the fidelity of L56 and L141 DNA polymerases exemplifies one-step and two-step editing, respectively.
To explore the meanings attached to words by patients and doctors, a multiple-choice questionnaire was given to 214 rheumatic patients, 110 non-rheumatic patients, 227 rheumatologists and 36 general practitioners. Words and phrases dealt with symptoms in descriptive terms, common disorders and parts of the body relevant to rheumatology. Poor agreement was obtained for 'back' among rheumatologists and hospital doctors, and for 'arthritis' among general practitioners. The word 'sciatica' means very different things to different doctors. Among rheumatic sufferers good agreement was only reached for 'rheumatism' and 'hereditary'. Non-rheumatic sufferers obtained better agreement than the rheumatic patients. This may have been due to more in the professional classes among the former group. The poorest agreement among rheumatic patients was for 'numbness', 'sciatica', 'slipped disc', 'vertebra', 'cervical', 'spinal cord', 'arthritis', 'deformity', 'anaemia', 'ligaments', 'osteoarthritis', 'lumbar', 'sacrum' and 'back'. Poor doctor-patient correlation between patients and rheumatologists occurred for 'numbness', 'spinal cord', 'cervical', 'sacrum', 'loin', 'slipped disc', 'arthritis', 'osteoarthritis' and 'steroids'.
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Congenital tuberculosis is a rare and often fatal disease. This report concerned a premature infant in whom the disease was found after postpartum diagnosis in the mother. Use of endotracheal tube aspirates to diagnose tuberculosis in the infant is a unique feature of this case.