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R Hummel

Publications and source records attributed to R Hummel.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Molecular mechanisms of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression by IL-1beta and cAMP in rat mesangial cells.

Expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene in rat mesangial cells is differentially triggered by IL-1beta and cAMP predominantly at the transcriptional level. The 5'-flanking region of the rat iNOS gene contains several binding sites for transcription factors potentially involved in cytokine and cAMP signaling such as nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), and cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein/ATF. We tested promoter activities of serial and site-directed deletion mutants of iNOS-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter genes after transient transfection and stimulation of mesangial cells. A region between bp -277 and -111 bearing a CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-response element was found to be critical for cAMP-mediated gene induction but dispensable for IL-1beta inducibility. Moreover, a minimal promoter ranging from the transcriptional start site up to -111 containing a kappaB site is sufficient to confer IL-1beta-mediated iNOS promoter activation. Consistent with these findings, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay shows the appearance of an IL-1beta-inducible nuclear factor-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimeric complex. Using probes containing C/EBP-binding sites from the iNOS gene revealed further binding of different complexes, all of which were strongly inducible by cAMP and to a lower extent also by IL-1beta. Abs against cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, C/EBPbeta, and C/EBPdelta were able to partially supershift single complexes, suggesting the participation of these transcription factors in the regulation of iNOS gene expression by cAMP and IL-1beta. Finally, we show that both cAMP and IL-1beta strongly induce steady-state levels of C/EBPbeta and C/EBPdelta mRNA levels. These data demonstrate that IL-1beta and cAMP use distinct as well as partially overlapping sets of transcriptional activators to modulate iNOS gene expression in rat mesangial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A review of methods and instruments for assessing externalizing disorders: theoretical and practical considerations in rendering a diagnosis.

This review addresses the most current and widely used methods of assessing childhood and adolescent externalizing disorders. Interviews, rating scales, and self-report instruments are described, and their strengths and weaknesses are discussed. Direct observational techniques in naturalistic and analogue settings are also reviewed. Throughout the article, commentary is offered regarding the psychometric adequacy and clinical validity of these instruments. It is suggested that, although the instruments presently used to assist in diagnosing externalizing disorders generally possess adequate reliability and representational validity, evidence of elaborative validity is lacking. Clinicians and researchers are encouraged to adopt a broader conceptualization of the diagnostic process, to question existing standards for establishing validity, and to consider alternative means of demonstrating diagnostic utility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Detection of oestrogenic chemicals by assaying the expression level of oestrogen regulated genes.

The oestrogen receptor belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors. Classically, nuclear receptors are thought to reside either in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm where they interact with their ligand which induces a conformational change that exposes the DNA binding domain. This is followed by dimerisation and binding of their corresponding response elements. By interacting with the transcriptional apparatus they then either activate or repress the transcription of target genes. However, this is a highly simplified view, since the activated oestrogen receptor interacts with other signal transduction pathways and its intrinsic transcriptional activity is highly influenced by phosphorylation and by its interaction with other proteins. This is clearly observed when the oestrogenicity of antioestrogens is tested since some compounds activate the receptor in yeast, but not in mammalian cells. However, when specific kinases are activated antioestrogens can also function as oestrogens in mammalian cells. Moreover, components of the MAP kinase and perhaps the cAMP and other pathways are activated before the receptor even enters the nucleus. Thus, when analysing the effects of oestrogenic compounds, it is important to assay both their potency as activators of transcription as the effects caused by interactions with other signal transduction pathways. This may be possible by combining assay methods, such as direct in vitro measurement of interaction between a potential oestrogenic chemical and the receptor or the yeast E-screen, with methods that are based on mammalian cells or whole animals. An alternative is to assay gene expression directly by methods such as differential display, where the expression of both genes known to be regulated directly by the receptor and genes regulated by other pathways can be monitored. Thereby it may be possible to assign different responses to the activation of distinct pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Saccharomyces carlsbergensis contains two functional genes encoding the acyl-CoA binding protein, one similar to the ACB1 gene from S. cerevisiae and one identical to the ACB1 gene from S. monacensis.

Saccharomyces carlsbergensis is an amphiploid, and it has previously been suggested that the genomes of S. carlsbergensis originate from S. cerevisiae and S. monacensis. We have cloned the ACB1 genes encoding the acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) from S. carlsbergensis, S. cerevisiae and S. monacensis. Two genes were found in S. carlsbergensis and named ACB1 type 1 and type 2, respectively. The type 1 gene is identical to the S. cerevisiae ACB1 gene except for three substitutions, one single base pair deletion and one double base pair insertion, all located in the promoter region. The type 2 gene is completely identical to the S. monacensis ACB1 gene. These findings substantiate the notion that S. carlsbergensis is a hybrid between S. cerevisiae and S. monacensis. Both ACB1 type 1 and type 2 are actively transcribed in S. carlsbergensis and transcription is initiated at sites identical to those used for transcriptional initiation of the ACB1 genes in S. cerevisiae and S. monacensis, respectively. Two polyadenylation sites, spaced 225 bp apart, are present in the S. cerevisiae ACB1 gene. The upstream polyadenylation site is used exclusively during exponential growth, whereas both sites are utilized during later stages of growth.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Disruption of the gene encoding the acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACB1) perturbs acyl-CoA metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The ACB1 gene encoding the acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) was disrupted in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The disruption did not affect the growth rate on glucose but reduced the growth rate on ethanol slightly. Although the growth rate of the acb1-disrupted cells was unaffected or only slightly affected, the acb1-disrupted strain was unable to compete with wild type cells when grown in mixed culture. The acyl-CoA level in the disrupted cells was increased from 1.5- to 2.5-fold during exponential growth. The increase in the acyl-CoA level was caused solely by an increase in de novo synthesized stearoyl-CoA. Experiments with purified yeast fatty acid synthetase show that it will synthesize long chain acyl-CoAs in the absence of acyl-CoA-binding protein. The addition of ACBP to the incubation medium resulted in a dramatic decrease in the chain length of the synthesized acyl-CoA esters. Despite the fact that the stearoyl-CoA concentration was increased 7-fold and the Delta9-desaturase mRNA level was increased 3-fold, the synthesis of oleic acid was unchanged in the acb1-disrupted strain. The results strongly indicate that ACBP in yeast is involved in the transport of newly synthesized acyl-CoA esters from the fatty acid synthetase to acyl-CoA-consuming processes.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1996

Ceramide-binding and activation defines protein kinase c-Raf as a ceramide-activated protein kinase.

Interleukin 1 is the prototype of an inflammatory cytokine, and evidence suggests that it uses the sphingomyelin pathway and ceramide production to trigger mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and subsequent gene expression required for acute inflammatory processes. To identify downstream signaling targets of ceramide, a radioiodinated photoaffinity labeling analog of ceramide ([125I] 3-trifluoromethyl-3-(m-iodophenyl)diazirine-ceramide) was employed. It is observed that ceramide specifically binds to and activates protein kinase c-Raf, leading to a subsequent activation of the MAPK cascade. Ceramide does not bind to any other member of the MAPK module nor does it bind to protein kinase C-zeta. These data identify protein kinase c-Raf as a specific molecular target for interleukin 1 beta-stimulated ceramide formation and demonstrate that ceramide is a lipid cofactor participating in regulation of c-Raf activity.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed1996

Molecular cloning of the rat inducible nitric oxide synthase gene promoter.

The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is not constitutively expressed but is induced in many types of mammalian cells by cytokines and bacterial endotoxins. Previously, we have reported the most interesting feature of rat iNOS gene that is up-regulated by cyclic AMP at transcriptional level as demonstrated by nuclear run-on assay. We now have isolated and sequenced the rat iNOS gene promoter and determined the transcription start site. Moreover, we have constructed a rat iNOS promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fusion gene and analyzed its inducibility by interleukin 1 beta and cyclic AMP in transiently transfected Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1996

Therapeutic strategies for the inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase--potential for a novel class of anti-inflammatory agents.

In recent years, NO, a gas previously considered a potentially toxic chemical, has become established as a diffusible universal messenger mediating cell-cell communication throughout the body. In mammals, NO is a recognized mediator of blood vessel relaxation that helps to maintain blood pressure. In the central nervous system NO acts as a non-conventional neurotransmitter and participates in the establishment of long-term plasticity required for memory formation. In addition, NO is responsible for some parts of the host response to sepsis and inflammation and contributes to certain disease states. A number of strategies have emerged with regard to a pharmacological control of pathological NO overproductions. This review will discuss these novel therapeutic approaches that may provide new means for clinical medicine.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Optimal reference electrode selection for electric source imaging.

One goal of recording voltages on the scalp is to form images of electrical sources across the cerebral cortex (electric source imaging). In this study, an objective criterion is introduced for selecting the optimal location for the reference electrode to attain the maximum spatial resolution of the source image, for example as provided here by the truncated singular value decomposition pseudo-inverse solution. The head model features a realistic cortex within a 3-shell conductive sphere, and pyramidal cell activity is represented by 9104 normal current elements distributed across the cortical area. On the scalp, 234 electrodes provide the measurements with respect to a chosen reference electrode. The effects of the reference electrode when located at the mastoid, occipital pole, vertex or center of the head are analyzed by a singular value decomposition of the lead field matrices. Sensitivity to noise, and hence the spatial resolution, is found to depend on characteristics of the lead field matrix that are determined by the choice of the image source surface, electrode array and location of the reference electrode. Using a reference close to a source surface increases the sensitivity of the measurement system in identifying the nearby activity of low spatial frequency content. However, this feature is compromised by a reduction in spatial resolution for distant cortical areas due to noise in the measurements. A new performance measure, the image sensitivity map, is introduced to identify the cortical regions that provide peak image sensitivity. This measure may be exploited in designing the geometry of an electrode array and selecting the location of the reference electrode to follow the activity on a specific area of the cortical surface.

Brain↗
PubMed1994

Yeast acyl-CoA-binding protein: acyl-CoA-binding affinity and effect on intracellular acyl-CoA pool size.

Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) is a 10 kDa protein characterized in vertebrates. We have isolated two ACBP homologues from the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, named yeast ACBP types 1 and 2. Both proteins contain 86 amino acid residues and are identical except for four conservative substitutions. In comparison with human ACBP, yeast ACBPs exhibit 48% (type 1) and 49% (type 2) conservation of amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of S. carlsbergensis ACBP type 1 was found to be identical with the one ACBP present in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A recombinant form of this protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and S. cerevisiae, purified, and its acyl-CoA-binding properties were characterized by isoelectric focusing and microcalorimetric analyses. The yeast ACBP was found to bind acyl-CoA esters with high affinity (Kd 0.55 x 10(-10) M). Overexpression of yeast ACBP in S. cerevisiae resulted in a significant expansion of the intracellular acyl-CoA pool. Finally, Southern-blotting analysis of the two genes encoding ACBP types 1 and 2 in S. carlsbergensis strongly indicated that this species is a hybrid between S. cerevisiae and Saccharomyces monacensis.

Acyl Coenzyme A↗
PubMed1994

Evidence that inhibition of phorbol ester-induced superoxide anion formation by cyclosporin A in phagocytes is not mediated by direct inhibition of protein kinase C.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) has been reported to inhibit phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced superoxide anion (O2-) formation in human neutrophils and murine macrophages. We found that CsA inhibited O2- formation in HL-60 cells induced by PMA (30 nM) and phorbol dibutyrate (200 nM) with a half-maximal effect at 1 and 0.75 microM, respectively. One possible target of CsA action is protein kinase C (PKC) [EC 2.7.1.37] since phorbol esters activate this kinase. However, CsA did not inhibit PMA-mediated reduction of histamine-induced rises in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in, and PMA-induced differentiation of, HL-60 cells and platelet aggregation. CsA did not reduce the activity of various recombinant c-PKC isoenzymes (alpha, beta 1 and gamma), n-PKC isoenzymes (delta and epsilon), an a-PKC isoenzyme (zeta) nor of PKC purified from rat brain in vitro. These data show that CsA inhibits phorbol ester-induced O2- formation in HL-60 cells but not other phorbol ester-mediated events and that inhibition by CsA of O2- formation cannot readily be attributed to direct PKC inhibition. We also show that CsA does not change the activity of nucleoside diphosphate kinase [EC 2.7.4.6] in HL-60 membranes nor the latter's physical properties.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Activation and substrate specificity of the human protein kinase C alpha and zeta isoenzymes.

Protein kinase C (PKC), a class of serine/threonine kinases activated by Ca2+ and/or phospholipids, is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and secretion. Nine members of the PKC gene family are known; these are differentially expressed in eukaryotic cells and can be divided into two sub-groups: the Ca(2+)-dependent (classical) PKC isoenzymes alpha, beta I, beta II and gamma, and the Ca(2+)-independent neoPKC isoenzymes delta, epsilon, zeta, eta and theta. A detailed biochemical characterisation of these PKC isoenzymes is one prerequisite for the elucidation of their distinct roles within cellular signal transduction. In this study, we report the cloning of a human PKC-zeta cDNA, its expression in recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells and the partial purification of the PKC-zeta isoenzyme. In comparison to highly purified human PKC alpha, a representative of the classical PKC subgroup, purified PKC zeta was characterised with respect to activator requirement, substrate specificity, proteolytic activation and sensitivity towards PKC inhibitors. In contrast to PKC alpha, PKC zeta exhibits a constitutive kinase activity which is independent of Ca2+, phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol. Arachidonic acid alone or a combination of gamma-linolenic acid and phosphatidylserine slightly enhance PKC zeta activity. In the presence of the classical PKC activators phosphatidylserine/diacylglycerol, PKC alpha phosphorylates a PKC-alpha pseudosubstrate-derived peptide, an epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-derived peptide, histone III-S and myelin basic protein to an equal extent, whilst PKC zeta phosphorylates only the PKC-alpha-derived peptide. However, arachidonic acid greatly diminishes PKC-alpha activity towards the epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-derived peptide, histone III-S and myelin basic protein, but enhances PKC-zeta activity towards the PKC-alpha-derived peptide. These results indicate a possible modulation of substrate specificity of these two PKC isoenzymes by (the binding of) different activators (to their regulatory domains). In the case of PKC zeta, this finding is strengthened by the fact that the epidermal growth factor receptor-derived peptide, which is not a substrate for the holoenzyme, is significantly phosphorylated by a protein fragment generated by limited proteolysis and comprising only the kinase domain. Furthermore, PKC zeta, in contrast to PKC alpha, is insensitive to PKC inhibitors known to interfere either with the regulatory or the catalytic domain and cannot be activated by phorbol ester treatment of NIH 3T3 cells or insect cells, overexpressing the respective PKC isoenzyme. The potential implications of these findings on the mechanism(s) of activation and the substrate specificity of PKC zeta are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Protein kinase C alpha activates RAF-1 by direct phosphorylation.

The kinase Raf-1 can be activated by treatment of cells with mitogens and by the protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (reviewed in refs 1,2). Activated Raf-1 triggers a protein kinase cascade by direct phosphorylation of MAP kinase kinase, resulting in phosphorylation of ternary complex factor and Jun by MAP kinase. Here we investigate the molecular mechanism and biological consequences of PKC alpha-mediated Raf-1 activation in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. PKC alpha directly phosphorylates and activates Raf-1 both in vitro and in vivo. PKC alpha induces Raf-1 phosphorylation at several sites, including a serine residue at position 499. Mutation of serine at this position or at residue 259 does not abrogate Raf-1 stimulation by a combination of Ras plus the src tyrosine kinase Lck, but severely impedes Raf-1 activation by PKC alpha. Consistent with such a direct interaction is the observation that Raf-1 and PKC alpha cooperate in the transformation of NIH3T3 cells. The Ser499 phosphorylation site is necessary for this synergism.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed1993

Activation of purified human protein kinase C alpha and beta I isoenzymes in vitro by Ca2+, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

The increasing number of eukaryotic protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes which have been described has raised great interest in potential differences in the cellular expression, the mode of activation and the substrate specificity of these isoenzymes. The last two aspects have mostly been studied with isoenzymes purified from rat or bovine brain or from recombinant-baculovirus-infected insect cells. In this study, we have expressed the human PKC isoenzymes alpha and beta I in recombinant-baculovirus-infected insect cells. The isoenzymes were purified to homogeneity by a four-step procedure which included a reversible Ca(2+)-dependent association/dissociation to and from the endogenous membranes of the lysed insect cells. Characterization of the purified enzymes with respect to ATP requirement and substrate specificity, using the epidermal-growth-factor receptor peptide and histone III-S respectively, revealed no isoenzyme-specific differences. Activation by trypsin or Ca2+ and a variety of different phospholipids and phosphoinositides (in a mixed-micellar assay) gave the following results. Proteolytic cleavage of the PKC isoenzymes by trypsin generated fully activated phospholipid-independent PKC beta I, whereas PKC alpha reached only 50% of the activity obtained in the presence of phospholipids. PKC alpha and beta I showed no difference in their dependence on Ca2+, diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidylserine (PS). Replacement of either DAG or PS by phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine and several phosphoinositides revealed that PtdIns(4,5)P2 can act as a PKC activator similar to DAG, whereas PtdIns can substitute for PS as a cofactor of activation. Thus, at least for the PKC isoenzymes alpha and beta I, a combination of PtdIns and PtdIns(4,5)P2 can fully replace PS and DAG in vitro as the classical activators of PKC.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1992

Tetrahymena gene encodes a protein that is homologous with the liver-specific F-antigen and associated with membranes of the Golgi apparatus and transport vesicles.

The F-antigen is a prominent liver protein which has been extensively used in studies on natural and induced immunological tolerance. However, its intracellular localization and biological function have remained elusive. It has generally been assumed that the F-antigen is confined phylogenetically to vertebrates. Now we have cloned and characterized a gene from the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila encoding a protein which clearly is homologous with the rat F-antigen. The coding region of the Tetrahymena F-antigen (TF-ag) gene specifies a 46,051 M(r) protein and is interrupted by three introns. In accordance with the predicted molecular mass of the TF-ag protein, antibodies raised against a cro-lacZ'-TF-ag fusion protein specifically recognized a 45,000 M(r) protein in Western blots of total T. thermophila protein. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that the TF-ag is associated with membranes of the Golgi apparatus and transport vesicles pointing to a role of TF-ag in membrane trafficking. Transcription of the TF-ag gene, as determined by run-on analyses, was only detectable in growing cells, and following transfer to starvation condition pre-existing TF-ag mRNA was rapidly degraded. The abundance of the TF-ag protein, however, declined only moderately during prolonged periods of starvation demonstrating that extensive release of the TF-ag did not take place. In combination these results suggest that the TF-ag protein is a recycled constituent of the intracellular membrane network in T. thermophila.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Acyl-CoA-binding protein/diazepam-binding inhibitor gene and pseudogenes. A typical housekeeping gene family.

Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) is a 10 kDa protein isolated from bovine liver by virtue of its ability to bind and induce the synthesis of medium-chain acyl-CoA esters. Surprisingly, it turned out to be identical to a protein named diazepam-binding Inhibitor (DBI) claimed to be an endogenous modulator of the GABAA receptor in brain membranes. ACBP/DBI, or proteolytically derived polypeptides of ACBP/DBI, have also been implicated in the control of steroidogenesis in mitochondria and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Thus, it appears that ACBP/DBI is a remarkable, versatile protein. Now we have molecularly cloned and characterized the ACBP/DBI gene family in rat. The rat ACBP/DBI gene family comprises one expressed gene and four processed pseudogenes of which one was shown to exist in two allelic forms. The expressed gene is organized into four exons and three introns. There is a remarkable correspondence between the structural modules of ACBP/DBI as determined by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and the exon-intron architecture of the ACBP/DBI gene. Detailed analyses of transcription of the ACBP/DBI gene in brain and liver were performed to map transcription initiation sites and to examine if transcripts from the ACBP/DBI gene were subject to alternative processing. In both brain and liver, transcription is initiated from two major and multiple minor initiation sites. No evidence for alternative splicing was obtained. The promoter region of the ACBP/DBI gene is located in a CpG island and lacks a canonical TATA box. Thus, the ACDB/DBI gene exhibits all the hallmarks of a typical housekeeping gene.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Characteristics of bovine Staphylococcus aureus with special regard to clumping factor activity.

The occurrence of the following groups of bovine Staphylococcus aureus with characteristic patterns of biochemical reactions and sensitivities to phages was confirmed by the present investigation of 662 isolates from the udders of cows in 53 dairy herds: (1) host-specific variety (v) bovis, (2) not alloted strains with the basic marker, crystal violet type A (group na CV A), (3) group na CV C. The latter was split into three subgroups clearly differing in phage susceptibility patterns: I/119, I without 119 and III, respectively. Lack of clumping factor activity occurred in 323 out of 346 (93%) phage pattern I/119 strains examined while most or all isolates of the other groups of bovine strains proved to be clumping-positive.

Animals↗