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Biomedical subjects

R J Ingham

Publications and source records attributed to R J Ingham.

68 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

The effects on stuttering of self-recording the frequency of stuttering or the word "the".

The effect of self-recording the frequency of stuttering or the word "the" during spontaneous speech by three adult stutterers was assessed within a single-subject experimental design. The effect of these procedures on stuttering frequency, use of the word "the," and speech rate differed for each subject. Subject 1 showed no systematic change in stuttering and an initial increase in "the" responses. Subject 2 reduced stuttering to almost zero during self-recording conditions. Subject 3 increased stuttering during self-recording stuttering and self-recording "the" conditions. These results, which indicated that self-recording procedures have a variety of effects on the stuttering behavior of different individuals, are not consistent with previous studies that have shown only reductions in stuttering during self-recording conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

On-line measurement of aphasic speech.

Seven response categories, devised for the concurrent evaluation of aphasic speech, were investigated for their reliability. The spontaneous speech of 5 aphasic subjects was rated on-line by 4 clinicians using 7 response categories. Agreement among the 4 judges, for both inter-judge and intra-judge reliability, varied for each subject and was not high enough to support the concurrent use of the seven response categories for the on-line investigation of aphasic speech in all subjects. Ways in which the reliability of the categories might be increased are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Treatment and generalization effects in an experimental treatment for a stutterer using contingency management and speech rate control.

An experimental treatment program for an adult stutterer, using contingency management and rate control procedures, is described. During laboratory sessions, a combination of both procedures resulted in maintained stutter-free speech within a target speech rate range. Bidaily recordings of the subject's speech across all nonlaboratory speaking situations, preceding and throughout the laboratory treatment, revealed no correspondence between laboratory and nonlaboratory speech behavior. Some positive and negative findings from this study are considered with respect to contingency management of stuttering.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Listener judgement of differences in stutterers' nonstuttered speech during chorus- and nonchorus-reading conditions.

The hypothesis that a stutterer's usual manner of speaking changes during chorus reading was tested. Nine stutterers orally read a passage under chorus- and nonchorus-reading conditions. Stutter-free speech samples of similar prose content were obtained from oral readings made between and within both conditions. Observers were asked to identify pairs of samples made under different (chorus/nonchorus) or similar (chorus/chorus or nonchorus/nonchorus) oral reading conditions. The results provided only partial support for the hypothesis. Observers were unable to distinguish confidently the speech sample group that was made under similar conditions from the sample group made under different conditions. However, judges were able to identify correctly samples from four of the nine stutterers that were made under different speaking conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1973

An analysis of a token economy in stuttering therapy.

A stuttering therapy program in which adult stutterers were hospitalized and treated in small groups (n = 4) under token economy conditions is described. The Token System reinforced reductions and penalized increases in stuttering during conversation. The therapy program was divided into three stages. Initially, subjects were treated by the token system, which was then integrated with a delayed auditory feedback schedule designed to instate and shape a prolonged speech pattern into normal fluent speech. Finally, subjects passed through a speech situation hierarchy while under token control conditions. Experiments conducted in the first two stages of treatment are described. The first-stage experiments examined the design of the token system; the second-stage experiment assessed the effect of a contingent punishment schedule integrated with the delayed auditory feedback procedure in order to shape rate of speaking as well as fluency.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Purification and identification of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins from B lymphocytes stimulated through the antigen receptor.

The activation of protein tyrosine kinase (PTKs) and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins is a critical initial signal in the response of eukaryotic cells to mitogens, differentiative signals, and other stimuli. A number of PTK substrates have been identified and many of these are components of signal transduction pathways that regulate cell function. However, the majority of proteins that are tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to receptor signaling remain unidentified. As some of these unidentified PTK substrates may also be signal-transducing proteins, their identification and functional characterization is an important objective towards understanding receptor signaling. We describe the development of a comprehensive and general process for the isolation and structural characterization of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. The method involves enrichment by anti-phosphotyrosine affinity chromatography, electrophoretic concentration and separation, and proteolytic fragmentation of individual purified phosphoproteins. Resulting peptide fragments are separated by microbore reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and a portion of the eluted peptides are subjected to electrospray-mass spectrometry (ES/MS) for accurate determination of peptide masses. Proteolytic fragmentation of a protein produces a characteristic set of peptide masses that can be used to rapidly identify the protein by searching databases containing the peptide mass "fingerprints" for all known proteins. The identity of the protein established by this method can be confirmed by sequence analysis of selected peptides. We have applied this procedure to the analysis of PTK substrates from B lymphocytes that have been stimulated through the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Signaling by this receptor is involved in the generation of antibodies against foreign molecules (antigens). The BCR activates multiple PTKs which phosphorylate at least 30 different proteins. We have identified several of these tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, including Syk, a PTK that is known to be tyrosine-phosphorylated in activated B cells. Thus, the procedure described here can be used to identify regulatory proteins of low abundance. The process consists of a logical succession of compatible steps that avoids pitfalls inherent to prior attempts to characterize low abundance phosphoproteins and should find wide use for the identification of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in other cell types.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brain imaging studies of developmental stuttering.

UNLABELLED: This paper reviews recent brain imaging research on stuttering against a background of studies that the writer and colleagues have been conducting at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio. The paper begins by reviewing some pertinent background to recent neuroimaging investigations of developmental stuttering. It then outlines the findings from four brain imaging studies that the San Antonio group has conducted using H2(15)O positron emission tomography (PET). Finally, some of the principal findings that are emerging across brain imaging studies of stuttering are reviewed, while also highlighting--and attempting to resolve--some apparent across-study inconsistencies among the findings. Research on stuttering using magnetoencephalogaphy (MEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is also considered. The findings increasingly point to a failure of normal temporal lobe activation during speech that may either contribute to (or is the result of) a breakdown in the sequencing of processing among premotor regions implicated in phonologic planning. LEARNING OUTCOMES: As a result of this activity, the participant will become familiar with some recent neurophysiological correlates of stuttering and what they suggest about the nature of this disorder.

Brain↗