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Biomedical subjects

R J Sonstroem

Publications and source records attributed to R J Sonstroem.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Development of the physical therapy outpatient satisfaction survey (PTOPS).

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purposes of this 3-phase study were (1) to identify the underlying components of outpatient satisfaction in physical therapy and (2) to develop a test that would yield reliable and valid measurements of these components. SUBJECTS: Three samples, consisting of 177, 257, and 173 outpatients from 21 facilities, were used in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. METHODS AND RESULTS: In phase 1, principal component analyses (PCAs), reliability checks, and correlations with social desirability scales were used to reduce a pool of 98 items to 32 items. These analyses identified a 5-component model of outpatient satisfaction in physical therapy. The phase 2 PCA, with a revised pool of 48 items, indicated that 4 components rather than 5 components represented the best model and resulted in the 34-item Physical Therapy Outpatient Satisfaction Survey (PTOPS). Factor analyses conducted with phase 2 and phase 3 data supported this conclusion and provided evidence for the internal validity of the PTOPS scores. The 4-component scales were labeled "Enhancers," "Detractors," "Location," and "Cost." Responses from subsamples of phase 3 subjects provided evidence for validity of scores in that the PTOPS components of "Enhancers," "Detractors," and "Cost" appeared to differentiate overtly satisfied patients from overtly dissatisfied patients. "Location" and "Enhancer" scores discriminated subjects with excellent attendance at scheduled physical therapy sessions from those with poor attendance. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: In this study, we identified components of outpatient satisfaction in physical therapy and used them to develop a test that would yield valid and reliable measurements of these components.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Physical self-concept: assessment and external validity.

This chapter summarized knowledge about the physical SC, a variable that has assumed great importance in studying how self-esteem is related to physical activity participation. It discussed the advantages of employing component scales such as physical SCs, and reviewed research and theory on the development of the physical SC, age and sex differences, and relationships with life adjustment. Skill development and self-enhancement research were summarized. Leading physical SC scales were briefly reviewed. A thesis of the chapter is that SE and its associations with physical activity participation can be studied best by the employment of models that are hierarchical in their structure, and which contain SC components ranging from very specific to very broad constructs. This has implications for item and inventory selection and for an ultimate understanding of how physical activity leads to mental and emotional benefits.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Life adjustment correlates of physical self-concepts.

This research tested relationships between physical self-concepts and contemporary measures of life adjustment. University students (119 females, 126 males) completed the Physical Self-Perception Profile assessing self-concepts of sport competence, physical condition, attractive body, strength, and general physical self-worth. Multiple regression found significant associations (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) in hypothesized directions between physical self-concepts and positive affect, negative affect, depression, and health complaints in 17 of 20 analyses. Thirteen of these relationships remained significant when controlling for the Bonferroni effect. Hierarchical multiple regression examined the unique contribution of physical self-perceptions in predicting each adjustment variable after accounting for the effects of global self-esteem and two measures of social desirability. Physical self-concepts significantly improved associations with life adjustment (P < 0.05 to P < 0.05) in three of the eight analyses across gender and approached significance in three others. These data demonstrate that self-perceptions of physical competence in college students are essentially related to life adjustment, independent of the effects of social desirability and global self-esteem. These links are mainly with perceptions of sport competence in males and with perceptions of physical condition, attractive body, and general physical self-worth in both males and females.

Body Image↗
PubMed1993

Path analysis of a self-esteem model across a competitive swim season.

An adaptation of the previously developed Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (Sonstroem & Morgan, 1989) was tested longitudinally with 93 male interscholastic swimmers from nine high schools who were evaluated at pre-, mid-, and postseason. Swimmers completed three self-perception scales that ranged from evaluations of specific swim skills (SKILL) through broader perceived physical competence (PC) to global self-esteem (SE). Performance scores (PERF) were calculated across events by standardizing swim times to a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Structural modeling analysis across the three time waves indicated an excellent data fit (chi 2 = 25.46, p > .15). The model was able to explain 84, 83, and 80% of PC, SKILL, and PERF, respectively, at the third testing period. Swim improvement tended to be small (median change = 2.9%). Relationships among variables at each testing period and among the same variables at different testing periods were large and as hypothesized. Several significant relationships occurred between different variables across different testing periods. These were not extinguished when social desirability was added to the model. Social desirability failed to significantly influence subsequent measures of any model variable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Exercise and self-esteem: rationale and model.

Positive emotional and psychological benefits are commonly believed to result from chronic physical exercise. While reviews of research have failed to substantiate this general proposition, they have identified enhanced self-esteem as an empirically supported exercise outcome. Unfortunately, research in this area has tended to be simplistic in self-esteem theory and measurement and has remained incapable of addressing how or why change may occur. This paper summarizes pertinent self-esteem theory and presents an empirically based rationale for self-esteem enhancement through exercise participation. It constructs a model for examining exercise and self-esteem interactions in which components of self-structure are hierarchically organized on a basis of generality. The self-esteem model contains dimensions of competence and self-acceptance, and it is operationally defined.

Exercise↗
PubMed1984

Exercise and self-esteem.

It must be stressed that there have been few advances in understanding the relationship between exercise and self-esteem over the last fifteen years. Psychological theory, with its consideration of situational and transitory self-concept, would hold that a majority of the positive results can be explained by alternative interpretations and experimental limitations. At this time it is not known why or in what manner exercise programs affect self-esteem, or which people are responsive. Because of the pervasiveness of self-esteem in human functioning, it would seem that a rudimentary understanding of these interactions would lead to the delivery of more effective services. Exercise science has laid the foundation for various health advances over the past fifteen years. The early, extensive study of psychological variables when planning exercise studies is a way of enlarging those advances.

Exercise Therapy↗
PubMed1978

Physical estimation and attraction scales: rationale and research.

Rationale, development, and validation studies for the Physical Estimation and Attraction Scales (PEAS) are dicussed. A psychological model for physical activity participation is advanced which utilizes Estimation (self-perceptions of physical ability) and Attraction (measured interest in physical activity) as mediating variables in physical ability, physical activity participation, self-esteem relationships. Tests of the model have inferred physical ability from performance at motor fitness tests, participation from paper and pencil self-reports, and self-esteem from several of the more widely used measures of general self-esteem. Conclusions developed from studying these variables in male adolescent samples are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The validity of self-perceptions regarding physical and athletic ability.

High school males (N = 109) and junior high school males (N = 112) administered the Physical Estimation and Attraction Scales (PEAS), the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS), and a physical fitness battery. Previous research results were replicated in the h.s. group in that fitness and self-esteem were not significantly related but Estimation (of physical ability) correlated significantly with both fitness and self-esteem (p less than .01). Similar results were obtained in the jr. h.s. sample. Additionally, the validity of the Estimation (EST) scale was extended to include significant relationships with indices of emotional adjustment other than self-esteem. EST scores were shown to be influenced to significant but not inordinate degree by certain response bias tendencies. Negatively phrased EST items were denied significantly more often than positive EST items were affirmed and were more highly related to both response bias and emotional adjustment scores. Controlling for response bias influence by partial correlation failed to extinguish the significance of EST validating relationships. It was concluded that these relationships exist independently of response style or response set.

Aptitude↗