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Biomedical subjects

R K Reddy

Publications and source records attributed to R K Reddy.

28 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Fulminant or subfulminant non-A, non-B viral hepatitis: the role of hepatitis C and E viruses.

BACKGROUND: Although non-A, non-B (NANB) viral hepatitis has been implicated as an etiology of fulminant hepatitis, hepatitis C virus (HCV) has not been shown to result in acute hepatic failure and hepatitis E virus (HEV) has predominantly been associated with fulminant hepatitis among pregnant women. METHODS: Using polymerase chain reaction to detect HCV and HEV genomes, four-antigen radioimmunoblot assay (4-RIBA) to measure anti-HCV antibodies, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, 17 patients with sporadic fulminant or subfulminant hepatitis of presumed NANB viral etiology were studied. RESULTS: The diagnosis of acute NANB viral hepatitis was made based on clinical information, serological tests, biochemical profiles, and pathological features. All 17 patients were negative for anti-HEV IgM antibodies and HEV RNA in either serum and/or liver. HCV RNAs were detected in 2 patients although anti-HCV antibodies were negative in all of them. CONCLUSIONS: It is shown that HCV is infrequently associated with and HEV is not an identifiable cause of presumed NANB fulminant or subfulminant hepatitis in this patient population. Although further studies will be required for identification of the causative agent, it is possible that another agent is responsible for the occurrence of sporadic NANB fulminant or subfulminant hepatitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Hepatitis B infection in a large municipal obstetrical population: characterization and prevention of perinatal transmission.

We have previously described a large municipal obstetrical population in which the carriage rate of hepatitis B (HBV) is 1.2%. The present study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of our immunoprophylaxis regimen (hepatitis B immune globulin at 36-72 h, hepatitis B vaccine at 36-72 h, 1 month and 6 months) in eliciting protective antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) in the infants of these women, the rate of perinatal transmission of HBV in this population prior to vaccination, the prevalence of anti-hepatitis delta antibody (anti-HD), and the prevalence of liver disease in our hepatitis B surface antigen-positive (HBsAg+) population. Four hundred eleven infants of HBsAg+ women were born during the 33-month study period. Of these, only 64 (15.6%) completed the vaccine series and returned for testing at 12 months. Sixty of the 64 had anti-HBs, and one (1.6%) had become HBsAg+. Eighty-nine older siblings of the immunized infants were tested, and 17 (19%) were HBsAg+. Of 54 mothers and eight siblings who were HBsAg+, none had anti-HD. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were normal in 53 of 54 HBsAg+ mothers tested. These data demonstrate 1) reduction of perinatal transmission of HBV from 19% to 1.6% using our protocol, 2) absence of hepatitis delta infection in this population, and 3) high prevalence of asymptomatic carriage of HBV, rather than clinically significant liver disease, in this population. It is imperative to improve compliance in order to maximize the effectiveness of immunoprophylaxis for newborns of HBsAg+ mothers.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1989

Histopathologic features of the liver in pediatric acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Autopsy and liver biopsy specimens from 30 pediatric patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) were retrospectively reviewed. Of 28 cases with histologic abnormalities, the following findings were noted singly or in combination: giant-cell transformation, cytomegalovirus inclusions, Kaposi's sarcoma, diffuse lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate, granulomatous hepatitis, mild portal inflammation, necrosis around central veins, steatosis, and cholestasis. For the most part, abnormalities in the liver were not predictive of those in other organs, but the two children with the diffuse parenchymal lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate also had lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP). Liver histopathology in pediatric patients with AIDS shares some features with that in adults, but appreciable differences are noted. In particular, these differences include the higher frequency of giant-cell transformation and the lower frequency of granulomas in children and the observation of diffuse lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate associated with LIP.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1981

Rapid return of cyclo-oxygenase active platelets in dogs after a single oral dose of aspirin.

A single dose of oral aspirin in human subjects inhibits the aggregation response of platelets to arachidonate and other agents for approximately one week after ingestion. In the present study we have evaluated the rate at which cyclo-oxygenase active platelets return to the circulation in humans and dogs and compared the response curves obtained to improvements in cyclo-oxygenase activity produced by the aspirin platelets. After a single dose of aspirin, dog platelet function was compromised for several days. Normal responses to arachidonate and other aggregating agents were restored six days after aspirin, and the pattern of recovery was the same for dogs and human subjects. However, cyclo-oxygenase active platelets returned to the circulation in dogs more rapidly than in humans and chemical competence was restored in both species well before correction of the defective response to aggregating agents. The delay of 1-3 days before return of significant numbers of cyclo-oxygenase active platelets most likely reflects acetylation of bone marrow megakaryocytes by the drug. More rapid return of chemically competent cells in dogs than humans probably relates to the more rapid turnover and shorter life span of canine platelets. The basis for the discrepancy in return of chemical integrity compared to functional activity after aspirin in vivo compared to simultaneous correction of chemistry and function when 10% normal platelets are added to aspirin platelets in vitro remains unresolved.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1981

Low dose aspirin, platelet function and prostaglandin synthesis: influence of epinephrine and alpha adrenergic blockade.

The present investigation has evaluated the effects of low doses of oral aspirin on platelet prostaglandin synthesis and function. Whole (80 mg) or half (40 mg) tablets of baby aspirin given to adults had no effect on the response of their platelets to thrombin, ADP and epinephrine, but selectively inhibited aggregation induced by threshold concentrations of arachidonate 16-20 hours after ingestion. Larger amounts of arachidonate overcame the inhibition imposed by low dose aspirin, but not by adult aspirin tablets (600 mg). Epinephrine, in concentrations too low to cause aggregation, restored the sensitivity of aspirin-treated platelets to arachidonate. Studies with alpha-adrenergic agonists, antagonists and calcium channel blockers demonstrated that the corrective effect of epinephrine was mediated by an alpha-adrenergic receptor influence on calcium modulation of the platelet membrane.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of nuclear imaging for detecting posttransplant fluid collection.

A series of 26 renal allograft recipients studied by both B-mode gray scale ultrasonography and 99mTc DTPA renal nuclear imaging was reviewed. All conclusions were based on written reports generated at the original examination, and B-mode gray scale ultrasonography was considered the definitive examination for fluid collection detection. Sensitivity of nuclear imaging for the detection of fluid was 73%; however, it becomes 85% when fluid collections in close proximity to the bladder are excluded. Renal allograft nuclear imaging is a useful examination for primary detection of lymphoceles and also for demonstrating abnormalities in renal dynamics and drainage.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1976

Effect of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate and poloxamer 188 on dissolution and intestinal absorption of sulfadiazine and sulfisoxazole in rats.

The influence of two medicinal surfactants, poloxamer 188 and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, on the dissolution of sulfisoxazole and sulfadiazine was investigated. A dramatic increase in the dissolution rate was observed at all surfactant concentrations. Drug absorption from the rat small intestine was also studied, and a significant but less dramatic increase was noted. Dissolution rate and absorption could be correlated only qualitatively. The two surfactants had no effect on the amount of sulfisoxazole excreted by the rat in 24 hr.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Dissolution characteristics and oral absorption of digitoxin and digoxin coprecipitates.

A marked increase in the dissolution rates od digitoxin and digoxin was attained by dispersing the drugs in two inert solid carriers, poloxamer 188 and deoxycholic acid. The 1 and 10% (w/w) drug-carrier solid dispersions were prepared by the solvent method. The former dissolved significantly faster than the latter. The oral administration of 10% (w/w) digitoxin-carrier coprecipitates to mice significantly increased toxicity. This observed increase is attributed to an increase in the rate and, possibly, the extent of oral absorption of the drug. Although a 10% coprecipitate of digoxin in both carriers showed an increase in the dissolution rate, no increase in oral toxicity was observed. X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that both digitoxin and deoxycholic acid undergo crystalline modifications due to treatment by the solvent, but the exact nature of the drug-carrier solid dispersions was not revealed.

Animals↗