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Biomedical subjects

R Kawana

Publications and source records attributed to R Kawana.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Inactivation of human viruses by povidone-iodine in comparison with other antiseptics.

Inactivation of a range of viruses, such as adeno-, mumps, rota-, polio- (types 1 and 3), coxsackie-, rhino-, herpes simplex, rubella, measles, influenza and human immunodeficiency viruses, by povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and other commercially available antiseptics in Japan was studied in accordance with the standardized protocol in vitro. In these experiments, antiseptics such as PVP-I solution, PVP-I gargle, PVP-I cream, chlorhexidine gluconate, alkyldiaminoethyl-glycine hydrochloride, benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and benzethonium chloride (BEC) were used. PVP-I was effective against all the virus species tested. PVP-I drug products, which were examined in these experiments, inactivated all the viruses within a short period of time. Rubella, measles, mumps viruses and HIV were sensitive to all of the antiseptics, and rotavirus was inactivated by BAC and BEC, while adeno-, polio- and rhinoviruses did not respond to the other antiseptics. PVP-I had a wider virucidal spectrum, covering both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses, than the other commercially available antiseptics.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1994

Persistence of replicating coxsackievirus B3 in the athymic murine heart is associated with development of myocarditic lesions.

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced myocarditis was studied in euthymic (nu/+) and athymic (nu/nu) C3H/HeN (H-2k) mice. Mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 10(6) p.f.u. of CVB3 (Nancy strain) and sacrificed at intervals up to 92 days post-inoculation (p.i.). Viraemia peaked at day 2 to 3 p.i. and ceased at day 5 to 7 p.i. in a synchronized manner in both sets of mice. Very few infectious particles were detected in the blood of nu/nu mice after day 14 p.i. In nu/nu mice, CVB3 persisted in myocardial tissue with constant titres between 2.7 +/- 1.9 x 10(4) and 7.6 +/- 5.2 x 10(4) p.f.u./mg from day 3 to 92 p.i., which were comparable to those of nu/+ mice in the acute phase. In nu/+ mice, the virus was recovered from all animals examined by day 11 p.i. and from three out of 13 mice between days 14 and 21 p.i., yet no virus was recovered from nu/+ mice at day 42 p.i. In nu/nu mice, sense and antisense RNA for CVB3 was detected in the myocardial tissue up to day 42 p.i. by in situ hybridization and up to day 92 p.i. by reverse transcriptase-PCR. Neither sense nor antisense RNA was detected after day 21 p.i. in nu/+ mice with the same techniques. Myocardial tissue damage was analysed morphologically. At day 92 p.i., the area of myocardial injury peaked at 23% of the section in nu/nu mice. In contrast, less than 0.6% of tissue sections contained lesions in nu/+ mice. A neutralizing antibody response to CVB3 was observed in both nu/nu and nu/+ mice. The mean titre of neutralizing antibody was significantly higher at day 21 p.i. in nu/+ mice, but similar at day 42 p.i. with nu/nu and nu/+ mice. Perforin-producing natural killer-like cells, which are considered to play an important role in causing acute myocarditic lesions in immunocompetent mice, were found in the lesions of nu/nu mice persistently infected with CVB3. Prolonged tumour necrosis factor-alpha mRNA synthesis detected in nu/nu mice appears to reflect the continuous activation of macrophages, which extend phagocytic reactions to virus-infected myocytes. These immunological results suggested that the host immune response devoid of antigen-specific T cell function is not sufficient to terminate CVB3 infection in nu/nu mice. Also, it appears that competent cellular immunity, on the whole, plays a role in curing rather than in aggravating myocarditis in nu+mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Nosocomial infections].

Nosocomial infections are caused by various factors, therefore it is very important for doctors, nurses and other medical staffs to cope with counter plans in their own situations. In terms of pathogens causing nosocomial infections, bacteria, fungi and viruses are equally important. The pathogens are transmitted either directly or indirectly in a medical facilities through medical treatments including surgical operations, catheterizations, handling the lines for chemotherapies, and so on. An increasing tendency of opportunistic infections in patients with protracted illness is seen lately. It must be emphasized that in each medical facility, a committee for control of nosocomial infection must be established. Infection surveillance and control programs must be provided and each person should have access to it. One of the most important activity of the infection control committee is to give a good education to medical workers to prevent nosocomial infections. Ministry of Health and Welfare has launched control programs for nosocomial infections since a nationwide MRSA-panic spread. The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases and Japanese Society of Environmental Infections have been contributing to control nosocomial infections for more than a decade. These organizations will promote research programs as well as surveillance and control programs for preventing nosocomial infections.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1993

Differentiation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 by plaque appearances on semicontinuous rabbit lens epithelial cells in the clinical laboratory.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and type 2 (HSV2) were differentiated on the basis of different plaque appearance on semicontinuous rabbit lens epithelial (RLE) cells. Plaques produced by HSV1 strains were small; the mean diameter was 1.29 +/- 0.37 mm 3 days after inoculation. HSV2 strains produced large and small plaques, with the ratio of large to small about 20:1. The mean diameters of the large and the small plaques of HSV2 were 3.34 +/- 0.56 mm and 0.97 +/- 0.31 mm respectively 3 days after inoculation. The clones from the large plaques consistently produced large and small plaques and the small-plaque clones produced only small plaques. Round cells plus heterokaryotes were characteristic of the CPE of HSV1. Large plaques of HSV2 were produced by a large membranous syncytium that was liable to lyse. Small round cells were characteristic of the CPE of the small-plaque clones of HSV2. Glycoprotein C-negative (gC-) strains produced intermediate-sized plaques and a few pin point ones that consisted of membranous syncytia and round cells, respectively. Except for the HF strain (a reference strain of HSV1 producing a membranous syncytium on RLE cells), the result of the differentiation of HSV1 (179 strains) and HSV2 (40 strains) with the RLE plaque assay system was consistent with that of Syva's monoclonal antibody assay system and the restriction endonuclease digestion method.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Study of the antiseptic efficacy of a quick drying rubbing type povidone-iodine alcoholic disinfectant solution by the glove juice method.

The antiseptic efficacy of HAD Hand Wash (83% ethanol containing 0.5% povidone-iodine) was investigated by the glove-juice method in 29 cases amongst staff members of our university. The number of viable bacteria on the hands and fingers was counted three times, and the mean of these counts was used as the baseline value for each subject. The number of viable bacteria on both hands was the same prior to disinfection. After the hands were disinfected by rubbing with 3 ml of HAD Hand Wash until it dried, the subjects put on sterile gloves. The number of viable bacteria was counted on the right hand of all the subjects immediately after disinfection. The number of viable bacteria on the left hand was counted in 8 subjects 30 minutes after disinfection, and in 7 subjects each 1, 2 and 4 hours after disinfection. The bacteria were identified by subculture. The ratio of bacteria sterilized (bacterial reduction rate) was 75.4% immediately after disinfection, and 69.0%, 71.9%, 35.8% and 27.6% at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours, respectively. All of the bacteria detected were Gram-positive bacteria that were native to the sebaceous glands, sweat glands or skin surface; i.e. Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Bacillus, and Streptococcus. The frequency of detection of Staphylococcus warneri was the highest before disinfection, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus hominis, in that order. After disinfection, all these species showed a marked decrease in the number of bacteria. Micrococcus remained in half the subjects, while other species remained in less than one third of the subjects.

Antisepsis↗
PubMed1993

[Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the Proteeae in Japan, 1989].

We discussed the antimicrobial susceptibilities of Proteeae isolated in Japan, 1989. Eight hundred six clinical isolates were collected from 47 hospitals. These were comprised of 431 strains of Proteus mirabilis, 155 Proteus vulgaris, 154 Morganella morganii, 44 Providencia rettgeri and 22 Providencia stuartii. Antibiotics tested in this study were 2 penicillins, 5 cephems, 1 carbapenem and 2 aminoglycosides. The MIC's were determined using the standard method of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy. Susceptibilities of the above strains to these antibiotics are described below; 1. Latamoxef, ceftizoxime and imipenem had excellent activities with no evident differences among the species of Proteeae. 2. Ampicillin and cefazolin were less active against Indol-positive Proteeae. 3. Piperacillin and cefmetazole were also strongly active drugs against P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris and P. stuartii, and cefotiam against P. mirabilis and P. stuartii. 4. Gentamicin and netilmicin showed excellent activities against M. morganii.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1992

[Virological surveillance of acute respiratory tract illnesses of children in Morioka, Japan. III. Human respiratory coronavirus].

In the virological surveillance of children with acute respiratory tract illnesses, five human respiratory coronaviruses (HRCV) were recovered. Three of these strains were isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with influenza-like illness collected in Kuji City on March 29, 1979. This may suggest the association of HRCVs and influenza-like illness. The other 2 strains were yielded from nasopharyngeal swabs of patients with afebrile acute upper respiratory tract illness collected in Morioka City on March 16 and April 27, 1979. These 5 isolates exhibited typical properties of HRCV; distinctive morphology, resistant to BUDR, chloroform sensitivity, and electron microscopic features of growth in L132 cells. These isolates were identified as 229E-like HRCV by indirect immunofluorescence test, but these were considerably different to HRCV (strain 229E) in antigenicity. Reciprocal neutralization titers of antisera against HRCV (strain 229E) and each isolate were determined by 50% plaque reduction tests in monolayers of L132 cells. The neutralizing activities of anti-HRCV (strain 229E) serum against each isolate were 40- to 100-fold lower than that of homologous reaction. The remarkable differences of antigenicity among the isolates did not be observed.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1992

[Susceptibility of RD-9H8 cells derived from RD cells to enteroviruses and its application for measuring neutralizing antibodies against coxsackievirus group B].

We carried out cloning of RD cells and obtained cloned cell line RD-9H8, which is highly sensitive to enteroviruses. Cytopathic effect (CPE) of RD-9H8 cells was more remarkable than that of original RD cells. The RD-9H8 cells were used to measure the neutralizing antibodies to coxsackievirus group B in sera from 93 medical students collected in Oct. 1990 at Iwate Medical University. The proportions of confirmed positive sera were coxsackievirus type B1 44.1%, type B2 50.5%, type B3 46.2%, type B4 64.5%, type B5 53.8% and type B6 4.4%.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1992

[Three cases of lower respiratory tract infection worsened after rhinovirus infection].

We experienced three cases of lower respiratory tract infections worsened after Rhinovirus infection. Case 1: A 42-year-old male with diffuse panbronchiolitis was admitted to our hospital with the complaint of dyspnea on November 21, 1988. Rhinovirus was isolated from nasal washing and P. aeruginosa was cultured from transtracheal aspiration (TTA). Case 2: A 67-year-old male, whose underlying disease was pulmonary asbestosis, was admitted to our hospital complaining of pyrexia on June 12, 1990. Rhinovirus was isolated from TTA and H. influenzae and others were cultured from TTA. Case 3: A 64-year-old male with pulmonary emphysema was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of dyspnea on August 11, 1989. On December 17, 1989 the patient developed rhinorrhea and complained of purulent sputum, pyrexia and dyspnea after five days. Rhinovirus was isolated from nasal washing and TTA and S. nonhaemolyticus and others were cultured from TTA. As indicated in this report, it is interesting to study the relationship between viral infection of the upper respiratory tract and bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Fireside conference 11. Common cold.

The accepted concept that cold symptoms are usually caused by destruction of the nasal epithelium by virus and that epithelial damage may led to secondary bacterial infection is not supported by this work. Although influenza and adenovirus may destroy the epithelium, no destruction of the nasal epithelium was detected either in vivo during natural or rhinovirus cold on in-vitro in nasal epithelial organ cultures. Infiltration of the nasal mucosa with neutrophils early in the cold does not indicate bacterial infection but may be a direct result of the viral infection. Purulent nasal secretions, which are common in uncomplicated colds, were not accompanied by discernible changes in the aerobic bacterial flora. The nasopharynx may be an important area for further exploration in the study of the pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection since it is a site to which mucus containing virus from the entire nasal mucosa is brought. A prominent feature of the posterior nasopharyngeal wall in both children and adults is a mass of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (adenoid or nasopharyngeal tonsils). Preliminary data has suggested that the epithelium overlying the lymphoid tissue expresses ICAM-1 receptors in the normal state, whereas the nasal epithelium does not. This is interesting since the majority of rhinovirus serotypes gain entrance to human cells by this receptor. Symptoms in a rhinovirus cold could result from release of inflammatory and/or neuromediators from the adenoid. Recently, Naclerio et al (8) have demonstrated that kinins and an increased number of neutrophils in nasal secretions correlate with occurrence of symptoms in volunteers with rhinovirus colds.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1991

[Virological surveillance of acute respiratory tract illnesses of children in Morioka, Japan. II. Rhinovirus infection].

Rhinoviruses (HRVs) were isolated from 307 children (7.1%) in the virological surveillance of 4334 children with acute respiratory tract illnesses in Morioka, Japan (September 1973-December 1983). Although HRVs were isolated throughout the year, frequency of HRV infection was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) during the April-November (233/2853; 8.2%) than during the December-March (47/1481; 5.0%). There were two peaks of incidence in May (9.5%) and September (9.1%). During the May-September, the rate of HRV infection was higher in patients under the age of 11 months than the next higher group of 1-2 years old (p less than 0.001). The incidence decreased with increasing age. The illnesses of HRV infection were analysed in 294 patients, except one patient who had symptoms of measles, from whom HRV was isolated singly. Although HRV-associated illnesses were generally mild (57.5%). Upper respiratory tract illnesses (URTIs) with fever were found in 22.1% and lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRTIs) in 20.4% of these. The rate of LRTI was higher during the epidemic period (April-September) than other periods (p less than 0.02). Major symptoms of HRV-associated illnesses observed were sore throat (87.4%), cough (84.0%), and nasal obstruction and/or discharge (72.8%). Wheezing was observed in 21.8% of these. From 19 (21.8%) of 47 patients clinically diagnosed as asthmatic bronchitis in this survey, viruses were isolated. HRV was detected most frequently in 12.8% of these patients, followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 6.4%) and adenovirus (2.1%). HRV- and RSV-associated asthmatic bronchitis were observed during April-September and November-February, respectively. Viral dual infections were detected in total 20 cases included 12 HRV-associated cases. In no case was the illness of greater severity than might have been caused by either agent acting singly.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

[Virological surveillance of acute respiratory tract illnesses of children in Morioka, Japan. I. Epidemiological patterns of infection with respiratory viruses over a 10-year period].

A virological surveillance of acute respiratory tract illnesses (RTI) of children in Morioka, Japan, was maintained from September 1973 to December 1983. Nasal and throat swabs were collected from 4,334 children with RTI. These patients consisted of 3,500 children (80.8%) with upper RTI (URTI) and 834 children (16.2%) with lower RTI. When these patients with URTI were classified by maximum temperature recorded into 4 groups (less than or equal to 37.0 degrees C, 37.1-37.9 degrees C, 38.0-38.4 degrees C, and greater than or equal to 38.5 degrees C), the number of patients in each group was 1,909 (44.0% of all patients), 702 (16.2%), 378 (8.7%), and 512 (11.8%), respectively. The viruses were recovered from 932 patients (21.5%). The most frequently recovered virus was rhinovirus (HRV; 31.7% of positive patients). The other common viruses were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 15.3% of positives), enteroviruses (13.9%), adenoviruses (13.6%), and influenza viruses (11.1%). Coronaviruses (HCV) were isolated from 2 patients and dual infections were detected in 20 patients (2.1% of positives). HRVs were isolated from 8.9% of afebrile URTI, in addition to 7.4% of bronchitis and 12.8% of asthmatic bronchitis. RSVs were mainly isolated in the winter, but some of them were isolated in the summer of 1974 and 1975. HCVs were isolated from 2 patients with afebrile URTI in the spring of 1979. Consistent patterns have been observed in clinical manifestation, seasonal occurrence, and age distribution of infections; we indicated that HRV was not only most important pathogen of URTI, but also it was important in bronchitis and asthmatic bronchitis of children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A new combined trivalent live measles (AIK-C strain), mumps (Hoshino strain), and rubella (Takahashi strain) vaccine. Findings in clinical and laboratory studies.

Trivalent virus vaccine, containing measles AIK-C strain, mumps Hoshino strain, and rubella Takahashi strain, was administered to a total of 1369 healthy children, 8 months to 18 years of age. For comparative study, monovalent vaccines of AIK-C strain and Hoshino strain were administered to 147 and 122 initially seronegative children, respectively. The clinical and serological responses following vaccination were analyzed. Among the recipients of the trivalent vaccine, 893 were initially seronegative to all three viruses. Inoculation induced sufficient serological responses: 99.7% for measles and rubella viruses and 96.3% for mumps virus. The incidence of febrile reaction (greater than or equal to 37.5 degrees C axillary temperature) was low, 15.9%, and a temperature of 39.0 degrees C or higher occurred in only 1.3% of the subjects. The seroconversion rate, magnitude of antibody titers, and incidence of clinical reactions following the trivalent vaccination were similar to those occurring after the monovalent measles vaccination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Diagnosis of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection by using FITC-labeled monoclonal antibodies].

Anti-varicella zoster virus (VZV) mouse monoclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate were evaluated for their usefulness as a practical diagnostic tool in the clinical field by examining cells infected with isolated herpes viruses and 431 clinical samples. The kit stained clearly the cells infected with 14 isolated VZV strains without cross reaction to 15 isolated herpes simplex virus type-1 strains (HSV-1) and 14 type-2 (HSV-2) strains. In clinical specimens, viral antigens of VZV were detected in 92/105 (87.6%) cases of varicella and in 176/190 (92.6%) cases of herpes zoster. Specific fluorescence of VZV was also observed in 5 out of 96 cases diagnosed as HSV infections, although these samples had no specific reaction to HSV when tested by the commercially available diagnostic kit. In 24 cases which could not be clinically diagnosed as herpes zoster or herpes simplex, the VZV antigen was demonstrated in 9 cases. All 109 VZV-positive cases in virus isolation by culture were also judged VZV-antigen positive by the kit, while all 69 HSV-positive cases in virus isolation were VZV-antigen negative. Furthermore, the VZV antigen was detected by the kit in 53/60 clinical diagnoses of varicella or herpes zoster without successful virus isolation. These results clearly indicate the usefulness of the kit as a practical VZV diagnostic reagent, especially in terms of specific sensitivity and easy technical manipulation.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1989

[Geographic localization of three variants of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Japan].

We previously reported that a variant of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) designated variant type A was isolated at a much higher frequency in Western Japan than in Eastern Japan. We examined the localization of two other variant types designated B and C. The proportion of the type B and type C variants among 553 fresh HSV-1 isolates from 10 areas in Japan were 5.4% and 1.3%, respectively. The isolation frequency of type B variant in Eastern Japan was 8.3%. It was as high as 20.5% in Iwate area. The frequency in Western Japan was only 3.0%. Type C variant showed no specific geographic localization. These results were discussed in terms of characteristic mode of HSV infection and the history of the Japanese nation.

Genetic Variation↗