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R Kim-Farley

Publications and source records attributed to R Kim-Farley.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Linkages between immunization and breastfeeding promotion programs.

Breastfeeding promotion and immunization are important interventions of child survival programs, especially in developing countries. Linkages between breastfeeding promotion programs and the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in developing countries mean that health care workers can make use of every contact with the mother and child to reinforce the educational messages of both programs. Breastfeeding does not interfere with vaccinations administered in accordance with the routine schedule recommended by the EPI Global Advisory Group for use in developing countries. Breastfeeding benefits the EPI and the EPI also benefits breastfeeding. The maximum reduction of morbidity and mortality will be achieved when all child survival interventions are applied in a balanced, complementary manner as envisaged in the concept of primary health care.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1990

Worldwide status of poliomyelitis in 1986, 1987 and 1988, and plans for its global eradication by the year 2000.

In 1986, a total of 28,951 cases of poliomyelitis were reported to WHO by 175 countries/areas. For 1987, 35,685 cases were reported by 168 countries/areas. Reporting is incomplete for 1988, based on data available as of December 1989. Trends in regional incidence rates for poliomyelitis over a 15-year period from 1974 to 1988 suggest a decline in the incidence of the disease, especially since 1982. However, the reported data underreport actual disease incidence. During 1986, 1987 and 1988, the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) estimates that 200,000-250,000 cases of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred each year. With the current level of polio immunization coverage, it is estimated that 360,000 cases of paralytic poliomyelitis were prevented in 1988. In 1974, when the EPI was started, it was estimated that less than 5% of children in the developing world were adequately immunized against six common childhood diseases, including poliomyelitis. In 1988 (based on data available as of December 1989) 67% of children worldwide received a full course of polio vaccine before 12 months of age. The progress of the EPI has provided optimism that poliomyelitis can be eradicated. In May 1988, the Forty-first World Health Assembly committed WHO to the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000. The eradication of poliomyelitis will represent, along with the eradication of smallpox, a fitting gift from the XXth to the XXIst century. To reach this goal, action will be required in several main areas. Immunization coverage will need to be raised and sustained in every district. Vaccine quality must be assured by using vaccines which meet WHO requirements and maintaining the cold chain. Surveillance must be strengthened so that prompt, regular reporting of suspected cases leads to disease-containment measures. Additional actions include improving laboratory diagnostic capabilities, developing special training materials, increasing public awareness, supporting rehabilitation services and conducting essential research.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1989

Linkages between immunization and breastfeeding promotion programs.

Breastfeeding promotion and immunization are important interventions of child survival programs, especially in developing countries. Linkages between breastfeeding promotion programs and the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in developing countries mean that health care workers can make use of every contact with the mother and child to reinforce the educational messages of both programs. Breastfeeding does not interfere with vaccinations administered in accordance with the routine schedule recommended by the EPI Global Advisory Group for use in developing countries. Breastfeeding benefits the EPI and the EPI also benefits breastfeeding. The maximum reduction of morbidity and mortality will be achieved when all child survival interventions are applied in a balanced, complementary manner as envisaged in the concept of primary health care.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1987

Assessing the impact of the expanded programme on immunization: the example of Indonesia.

The early impact of the expanded programme on immunization (EPI) in reducing morbidity from diphtheria was evaluated in the province of Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia. Since 1980, coverage of two doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) immunization has been greater than 60% in Yogyakarta. The morbidity rate for diphtheria for children aged 0-4 years decreased from 4.3 per 100 000 population in 1978-79 to 1.7 per 100 000 in 1981-82, a reduction of 60%. In contrast, the morbidity rate for children aged 5-9 years remained relatively constant over the 5-year period. The EPI programme has therefore had a demonstrable effect on 0-4-year-olds in Yogyakarta.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Effectiveness of mumps vaccine in a school outbreak.

An outbreak of mumps in a middle school (grades 6 through 8) in Ohio during 1981 was investigated to determine the effectiveness of mumps vaccine. Of the 481 middle school students on whom questionnaires were completed, 62 (12.4%) exhibited clinical mumps. The overall vaccine efficacy was 81.2% when children with a history of mumps disease are excluded from the analysis. Using a logistic regression model with the presence or absence of clinical mumps as the dependent variable, three factors were found to be significant: mumps vaccine, a history of mumps disease, and sex. Factors that did not significantly affect the rate of disease among vaccinated pupils included whether the mumps vaccine was administered singly or in combination with rubella and/or measles vaccine, age at vaccination, year of vaccination, and month of vaccination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Clinical mumps vaccine efficacy.

From February 5 through April 23, 1982, 110 cases of mumps were reported among 357 students in a middle school in Ashtabula County, Ohio, an overall attack rate of 31%. Vaccine efficacy was calculated using a variety of case definitions, case surveillance systems, and vaccination-status ascertainment methods to evaluate their effects on the estimated vaccine efficacy. From data collected at the school for case ascertainment and vaccination status, clinical vaccine efficacy was initially estimated at 37%. By means of a uniform case definition (parotitis lasting two days or more) and only cases and vaccination status ascertained from parental questionnaires, estimated vaccine efficacy increased to 70%. From secondary attack rates in household members with provider-verified vaccination status, the vaccine efficacy further increased to 85%. This outbreak investigation confirms that the methods used to ascertain cases and determine vaccination status greatly affect estimates of vaccine efficacy. Studies relying solely on school records for case finding and determination of immunization status may provide misleadingly low estimates of vaccine efficacy for mumps vaccine as well as for other vaccines. Appropriate methods demonstrate that mumps vaccine is highly effective and support recommendations for its continued use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Mumps disease and its health impact: an outbreak-based report.

An outbreak of mumps in a middle school (grades 6 to 8) in Ohio during 1981 was investigated to describe the clinical findings, health impact, and costs. Individuals with clinical mumps in the middle school and in family members were questioned concerning symptoms, complications, hospitalizations, school days absent, and parental work days missed. There were 62 cases of clinical mumps in the middle school and 13 cases among family members. Parotitis lasted an average of 7.4 days and fever (if present) lasted an average of 2.5 days with a mean temperature of 38.6 degrees C (101.4 degrees F). The duration of parotitis and fever increased with age. Complications included encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, and pancreatitis. Visits to physicians were made by 62.7% (47/75) of the individuals with mumps for a total of 63 visits, and two patients were hospitalized for a total of six days. Persons who attended middle school missed an average of 4.9 days of school. The estimated direct and indirect costs associated with this outbreak were $2,460 and $1,353, respectively, or $51 per case. States lacking mumps immunization requirements experienced a three-times greater incidence of mumps in 1982 than States that required all school pupils to be immunized. We recommend that all States institute compulsory mumps school immunization laws for all school children.

Absenteeism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States.

The changing annual vaccination status of the population and the greater than 1,000-fold drop in reported annual incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis between the early 1950s and early 1970s indicate that the control of poliomyelitis in the United States must be attributed to the use of both the inactivated poliovirus vaccine and oral poliovirus vaccine. The containment, in 1972 and 1979, of rare epidemics in poorly vaccinated subpopulations and the existence of only three reported cases of paralytic poliomyelitis clearly attributable to wild poliovirus in the last three years document a major triumph for public health. The continuing occurrence of vaccine-associated paralysis (six or seven reported cases per year, 1980-1982) indicates the necessity, despite the accomplishments, for continued review of the current vaccination strategy.

Adolescent↗