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R L ANACKER

Publications and source records attributed to R L ANACKER.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1964

EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF ENDOTOXIN FROM ENTEROBACTERIACEAE: A COMPARISON OF SELECTED METHODS AND SOURCES.

Fukushi, K. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), R. L. Anacker, W. T. Haskins, M. Landy, K. C. Milner, and E. Ribi. Extraction and purification of endotoxin from Enterobacteriaceae: a comparison of selected methods and sources. J. Bacteriol. 87:391-400. 1964.-Endotoxins containing only 0.2% N (accounted for by amino sugars) and 2% ester- and amide-linked fatty acids (calculated as palmitic acid) were prepared from Salmonella enteritidis. These products were of high biological potency, and were rapidly destroyed by acid hydrolysis. Equally potent acid-susceptible products were derived from different strains of Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens. No correlation was evident between potency and content of nitrogen, fatty acids, and hexosamine; however, low values for carbohydrate were invariably associated with reduced endotoxic activity. Factors such as strain, method of cultivation, and extraction procedure markedly affected the chemical composition and activity of primary extracts. Results are given which demonstrate significant advantages in the use of cell walls for the isolation and purification of endotoxins.

Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1964

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COXIELLA BURNETII IN THE CHICK YOLK SAC.

Anacker, R. L. (Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), K. Fukushi, E. G. Pickens, and D. B. Lackman. Electron microscopic observations of the development of Coxiella burnetii in the chick yolk sac. J. Bacteriol. 88:1130-1138. 1964.-Yolk sac material, obtained daily over a period of 1 week from embryos inoculated with seed of phase I Coxiella burnetii strain Ohio 314 containing 250 units of penicillin, was examined by electron microscopy and other techniques for the presence of rickettsiae. The concentration of rickettsiae in the yolk sac, as determined by electron microscopy, light microscopy, the complement-fixation test, recovery of organisms, and mouse infectivity, was low for the first 3 days, increased rapidly 3 to 5 days after infection, and then remained relatively constant. Rickettsiae in 3- to 7-day cultures, when observed by electron microscopy, had dense fibrillar centers surrounded by less-dense cytoplasmic material containing granules approximately 15 mmu in diameter. The whole was enclosed by multiple external layers. Many appeared to be in various stages of binary fission, and one form which contained a cross-wall was observed. These forms readily combined with ferritin-labeled specific antibody. In rare instances, several kinds of "atypical" forms which did not combine with ferritin-labeled antibody were found in the cytoplasm of yolk-sac cells 4 to 5 days after inoculation; it is not certain whether these forms are artifacts or normal stages in the maturation of C. burnetii. These atypical forms were not observed in subsequent experiments in which embryonated eggs were inoculated with doses of penicillin varying from 0 to 4,000 units per egg.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

ORIGIN AND PROPERTIES OF NATURALLY OCCURRING HAPTEN FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Anacker, R. L. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), R. A. Finkelstein, W. T. Haskins, M. Landy, K. C. Milner, E. Ribi, and P. W. Stashak. Origin and properties of naturally occurring hapten from Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 88:1705-1720. 1964.-Haptens found in preparations of endotoxin and in fractions of disrupted cells, particularly one termed "native hapten," which appeared to be associated with the protoplasm of cells rather than with cell walls, have been further investigated with a view to establishing their origin and composition as well as their host-reactive properties. For this purpose, cells from a smooth strain of Escherichia coli O111:B4 were either extracted directly or disrupted and separated into cell-wall and protoplasmic fractions. Haptens were obtained by gel filtration of endotoxins, by trichloroacetic acid extraction of protoplasm, and by a mild acid hydrolysis of endotoxin. Several lines of evidence indicated that native hapten originated in the protoplasm rather than by autolysis or degradation of cell-wall endotoxin during procedures employed in disruption. In gel diffusion and quantitative precipitin tests, no hapten was identical with endotoxin, but native hapten was serologically the most complex of the haptens and precipitated the most antibody. Native and acid haptens, on a weight basis, fixed about 1% of the quantity of complement fixed by homologous endotoxin. Haptens did not stimulate the production of antibodies in mice or rabbits and did not elicit endotoxic host reactions. Chemically, native hapten differed from endotoxin and from acid hapten in that it lacked phosphorus, heptose, long-chain fatty acids, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. These substances did not appear to be determinants of antigenic specificity, but they may provide necessary bonds for assembling hapten-like units into fully antigenic and toxic macromolecules.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

CONVERSION OF THE PHASE I ANTIGEN OF COXIELLA BURNETII TO HAPTEN BY PHENOL TREATMENT.

Anacker, R. L. (Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), W. T. Haskins, D. B. Lackman, E. Ribi, and E. G. Pickens. Conversion of the phase I antigen of Coxiella burnetii to hapten by phenol treatment. J. Bacteriol. 85:1165-1170. 1963.-Trichloroacetic acid extracts of Coxiella burnetii are converted to hapten by treatment with phenol. Such extracts react, like the original trichloroacetic acid extract, at high dilution in the complement-fixation test and produce zones of precipitate with specific antibody in gel diffusion tests; but, unlike the parent extract, injection of the phenol-treated extract neither induces resistance to challenge in guinea pigs nor antibody formation in guinea pigs, rabbits, or mice. This loss of antigenicity is correlated with removal of protein from the original product.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

PHAGE ISOLATED FROM LYSOGENIC BACILLUS ANTHRACIS.

Buck, C. A. (Kansas State University, Manhattan), R. L. Anacker, F. S. Newman, and A. Eisenstark. Phage isolated from lysogenic Bacillus anthracis. J. Bacteriol. 85:1423-1430. 1963.-Bacillus anthracis cultures (a total of 311) were obtained from several laboratories throughout the world; 139 of these were screened for the presence of lysogenic organisms. Phage particles were obtained from 25 of these cultures. The host range of five of these phages, plus that of phage gamma, was tested against 246 B. anthracis cultures plus 64 other Bacillus strains. The results show that phage might be useful in the identification of B. anthracis, although two non-B. anthracis cultures were lysed. Also, the diversity of host range indicated that a phage-typing scheme for epidemiological studies might be feasible. Several lysogenic cultures were sensitive to the phage that they liberated, indicating a dismune phenomenon. Also, some lysogenic cells liberated two distinct kinds of phage. Other phage properties, such as morphology, plaque morphology, burst time, and serological relationship, are described.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1962

Physicochemical changes in endotoxin associated with loss of biological potency.

Ribi, Edgar (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), Willard T. Haskins, Kelsey C. Milner, Robert L. Anacker, Daniel B. Ritter, Granville Goode, Robert-John Trapani, and Maurice Landy. Physicochemical changes in endotoxin associated with loss of biological potency. J. Bacteriol. 84:803-814. 1962.-The preparation of endotoxins whose gross chemical composition approached that of refined polysaccharide haptenes raised anew the question of which features of composition and structure are essential for their characteristic host reactivity. Alterations in the physicochemical, immunochemical, and biological properties of Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin subjected to hydrolysis with 0.1 n acetic acid were therefore investigated to relate physical characteristics to biological attributes. As hydrolysis proceeded, the decline in biological potency was paralleled by dissociation of endotoxin into particles of the size of haptenic polysaccharide. The potency still present at various stages of hydrolysis could be accounted for by residual undissociated endotoxin. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a macromolecular complex of critical size is one of the major requirements for endotoxin to elicit its characteristic effects in the mammalian host.

Animals↗