Biomedical subjects

R L Dukes

Publications and source records attributed to R L Dukes.

5 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1991

Effects of witness characteristics on the perception and reportage of child abuse.

Vignettes depicting the physical mistreatment, psychological mistreatment and neglect of children were used in an experimental design to test for bias in perception and reportage of child abuse. Subjects were 160 jurors and 176 child protective service (CPS) and police personnel. Jurors born before 1945 were less critical of such mistreatment than those born later. Female jurors pledged to report mistreatment more often than did male jurors, and they pledged to report the abuse of a female victim more often than a male victim. The other groups did not show this bias in reporting. Findings might explain discrepancies between studies of the incidence of child abuse and reportage of it.

Attitude↗

PubMed1991

Stereotypes of pilots and apprehension about flying with them: a study of commercial aviation scenarios.

This study explored the effects of gender, experience, and performance of a commercial aviation pilot on concern of passengers about flying with him or her. It used scenarios that represented two aspects of pilot behavior: skill and judgment. We cast 112 adult subjects in the role of passengers. They read vignettes that described their captain and the flight in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design (male or female, newly promoted or veteran captain, strong or weak performance). Results showed that of the three manipulated variables, only pilot performance had a statistically significant main effect upon apprehension about making a continuation flight with the pilot (F = 41.52; p less than or equal to 0.001 for the skill scenario and F = 41.73; p less than or equal to 0.001 for the judgment scenario). Statistical interactions showed that the level of passenger concern was not based entirely on pilot performance. For instance, on the skill scenario, when a female pilot performed well, her rating was higher than that of an equally performing male, but when she performed poorly, her rating was lower than his (F = 5.38; p less than or equal to 0.02).

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Epidemiologic differences between chlamydia and gonorrhea.

To assess the prevalence, demographics, and transmission patterns of genital chlamydia infection, we screened 3,078 patients, and compared identified cases (N = 511) to gonorrhea cases (N = 291) diagnosed in the same setting. Chlamydia cases were younger and more likely to be White than their gonorrhea counterparts. Chlamydia cases were distributed diffusely; geographic overlap between the two diseases was only about 40 percent. Gonococcal coinfection was noted in less than 10 percent of patients with chlamydia. Nearly half of men with chlamydia and four-fifths of women were asymptomatic and most cases were identified through screening or contact tracing. Populations at high risk for chlamydia are seemingly different from those for gonorrhea. Differences may be due to control interventions (active for gonorrhea, passive for chlamydia). Chlamydia case reporting and control initiatives are recommended.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

The effects of school, family, self-concept, and deviant behaviour on adolescent suicide ideation.

In this study of a population of junior and senior high school students in a mid-sized, Western city, adolescent emotional and ideological disparity with parents and disparity between the importance the adolescent placed on academic achievement and satisfaction with academic achievement were linked to suicide ideation through the intervening variables of self-esteem, purpose in life, and two forms of deviant behaviour--alcohol use and eating disorder. Self-confidence and the deviant behaviours of delinquency and drug use did not prove to be meaningful intervening variables.

Achievement↗

PubMed1989

An experimental study of gender and situation in the perception and reportage of child abuse.

This study examined the effects of gender, situation, and characteristics of witnesses in the perception and reportage of child abuse. Three scenarios representing themes of neglect, psychological, and physical abuse were evaluated by 144 nonprofessionals not mandated by law to report child abuse. The variables of gender and age of the child, gender of parent, and whether or not the abuse was precipitated by an act of the child were systematically manipulated to produce a 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 randomized design. Some demographic data on subjects were treated as covariates. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed on the data. No gender bias in subject's evaluations of victim or perpetrator was discovered. Female subjects viewed the scenarios more critically than did males. Younger subjects were less critical of mistreatment than were older subjects. Perception of the mistreatment as serious was not a good predictor of subsequent official reporting. The scenario involving physical abuse was rated as serious by 86.1% of the subjects, but only 39.5% of these subjects indicated that they would have reported it. Subjects indicated the highest rate of reporting for the neglect scenario which they rated as less serious than physical abuse. These results suggest that official reports are unreliable as an indicator of the incidence of abuse.

Adolescent↗