Cavus, cavovarus, and calcaneocavus deformities are often related to neuromuscular disorders that result in intrinsic and/or extrinsic muscle imbalance in the foot. A careful search for intraspinal causes should be made, particularly in progressive cavus deformity in children. Plantar release is the most common procedure performed for correction of cavus feet and its variants. The choice among available surgical procedures is dictated by the age of the patient, the flexibility and cause of the deformity, an analysis of the deformity, and appropriate standing roentgenograms. Soft tissue procedures, including plantar fasciotomy and tendon transfers, are usually done in younger patients. Bony procedures, including calcaneal, midtarsal, and forefoot osteotomies, are performed in mature feet and are tailored to the apex of the deformity. Triple arthrodesis is a salvage operation for correcting cavus and its variants.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Current concepts of surgical management of deformities of the lower extremities in cerebral palsy.

In cerebral palsy, principles involved in proper selection of orthopedic management of the lower limbs include diagnosis, timing, goals, degree of involvement, linkage, kinetic electromyography, retention of neonatal automatisms, and dynamic versus fixed deformity, as well as the physical plant and professional skills. Specific lower extremity problems in the hip, knee, ankle, and foot must be analyzed and management for each should be approached on a rational basis. Unsolved enigmatic problems of etiology, pathways of neonatal automatisms that impose abnormal posturing, neurophysiologic mechanisms of spasticity, athetosis, rigidity and ataxia, pathogenesis of contracture, linkage biomechanics, and the neurologic, including the biomechanical effects of surgical intervention, require special research programs.

Ankle Joint↗