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Biomedical subjects

R M Hodapp

Publications and source records attributed to R M Hodapp.

36 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Maternal emotional reactions to young children with different types of handicaps.

Emotional reactions were examined cross-sectionally over the 1- to 6-year period in mothers of children with Down syndrome (N = 25) and with predominantly motor impairments (N = 20). Mothers rated their degree of concern about 16 early milestones and four events, and were also interviewed with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Although milestones occurring during the first year caused higher levels of maternal concern than did later-occurring ones, concern was also evident for some later milestones. Mothers of Down syndrome and of motor-impaired children were equally concerned about motor milestones, but mothers in the Down syndrome group were more concerned about developments in communication. The two groups modulated their maternal concern based on different aspects of the child's communication skills. The timing, specificity, and sensitivity of maternal reactions identified in this study are discussed in relation to the unindirectional, time-bound model of "maternal mourning."

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

K-ABC profiles in children with fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, and nonspecific mental retardation.

Etiology-specific profiles of intellectual abilities were compared in three groups of males with mental retardation using the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC). Subjects included 10 males with fragile X syndrome, 10 with Down syndrome, and 10 with nonspecific mental retardation who were equated on both mental and chronological age. Across all three groups, sequential processing was lower than simultaneous processing or achievement, and particular subtests (e.g., Gestalt Closure) were relative strengths. Although boys with Down syndrome showed less extreme patterns of domain strengths and weaknesses, they showed a significant strength in the Sequential Processing Hand Movements subtest. In contrast, the Hand Movements subtest was lowest of all K-ABC subtests for males with fragile X syndrome. Implications were discussed for more fine-tuned research and intervention efforts.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

Changing patterns of intellectual strengths and weaknesses in males with fragile X syndrome.

Examined the changing profiles of intelligence in males with fragile X syndrome as these individuals increased in chronological age. Using a psychometric instrument designed to measure styles of information processing, 21 males aged 4 to 27 years were examined cross-sectionally in sequential processing, simultaneous processing, and achievement. The age of the subject was associated with age-equivalent levels of both simultaneous processing and achievement, but fragile X males did not show higher levels of sequential processing with increasing chronological age. Compared to younger fragile X males, the older subjects were more delayed in sequential processing skills relative to their in other areas. A smaller longitudinal study confirmed the presence of a plateau in sequential processing among those subjects tested two times after the age of 10 years. Implications are discussed for diagnosis, intervention, and the matching of subject groups in mental retardation research.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

Current developments in the understanding of mental retardation. Part I: Biological and phenomenological perspectives.

During the past decade, noteworthy advances have taken place within the field of mental retardation. The application of advanced biological techniques in such areas as molecular genetics and neuroimaging has substantially improved our ability to identify the biological factors that underlie the origin and pathogenesis of an increasing number of mental retardation syndromes. Refined genetic and psychosocial assessments have highlighted the impressive degree of heterogeneity that is present within and across many mental retardation syndromes, stimulating increasing interest and study. This, the first of a two-part review, will focus on recent developments in biological and phenomenological aspects of mental retardation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Developmental implications of changing trajectories of IQ in males with fragile X syndrome.

This study examined the trajectories of cognitive development in boys under the age of 21 years with fragile X syndrome. By combining information from three centers, data from 66 boys were analyzed; only children who had been tested two or more times with the same psychometric instrument at one or more year intervals were included in this study. Results demonstrated that males with fragile X syndrome show a decline in IQ scores, with the most marked declines seen during the early pubertal period. All 22 children retested during the 11- to 15-year period showed IQ declines, suggesting a slowing of development associated with the onset of puberty. Before age 10 years, males with higher (as opposed to lower) pretest IQs were more likely to decline at subsequent testings. A single etiological factor may not be sufficient to account for the observed findings, as both changes in neurobiological- and task-related factors seem implicated in the slowing intellectual development of this population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

From theory to practice in the care and education of mentally retarded individuals.

Issues related to the care and education of mentally retarded individuals were examined from a historical perspective. Historical analysis shows that institutions and special education services spring from common, although not identical, societal and philosophical forces. The adequacy and implications of the normalization concept were discussed in relation to both deinstitutionalization and mainstreaming, with the conclusion that mental retardation workers must pay more attention to bettering the lives of retarded individuals and less to the "social address" at which interventions take place. Suggestions for the future care and education of retarded individuals were provided, and the proper role of science in the mental retardation field was discussed.

Combined Modality Therapy↗
PubMed1989

The trajectory of cognitive development in males with fragile X syndrome.

The trajectory of cognitive development in males with fragile X syndrome was identified in a cross-sectional study of 56 males and in a smaller, longitudinal study of 10 fragile X males. Results from both studies indicated steady cognitive growth until late childhood and early adolescence (10 to 15 years of age), at which point mental age plateaued and IQ declined. Males with higher initial IQ scores manifested more IQ decline than those with initial lower levels of intelligence. The trajectories of IQ differ from those in other etiological groups and mixed groups of retarded individuals. Results have direct implications for intervention strategies with fragile X males. Parents and teachers should be informed about the possibility of an early plateau in mental age, the impact this may have on the child's academic performance, and that the plateau and IQ decline may not be apparent in the child's adaptive behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Adaptive and maladaptive functioning of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized fragile X males.

The profile of adaptive strengths and weaknesses of 12 institutionalized and 15 noninstitutionalized fragile X males was examined using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Fragile X males in both living settings demonstrated relative strengths in Daily Living Skills compared to functioning in the domains of Communication and Socialization. Within daily living skills, personal (e.g., grooming, toileting) and domestic (e.g., cooking, cleaning) skills were better developed than community skills (e.g., managing money, attending work). Both institutionalized and noninstitutionalized fragile X males showed high levels of maladaptive behavior characterized by attentional impairments; impulsivity; and defiant, oppositional "externalizing" behaviors. High levels of anxiety were also apparent. The institutional sample showed particular deficits in expressive and written communication but was more likely than the noninstitutional group to have individuals with levels of daily living skills above their mental ages. These findings have direct implications for intervention with fragile X males.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Communicative interaction between teachers and children with severe handicaps.

The content and structure of teacher input language to children with severe handicaps during early stages of language development were examined. Teacher-child dyads (N = 21) were videotaped during interactions in a semi-structured play setting. Each child was ranked as to level of communicative abilities on a scale of early communicative behaviors. Results showed that teachers adjusted the complexity of their linguistic requests based on the child's level of communication and modulated their requests based on children's responses from one moment to the next. The structure of the teacher's utterances was not as closely attuned to the communicative levels of the children. Issues and problems relating to adults' linguistic interaction with children with handicaps were discussed.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Issues in the classification of mental retardation: differentiating among organic etiologies.

Many researchers of mental retardation fail to take etiological differences into account, although the value of distinguishing between organic and familial mental retardation has long been discussed. The argument is made that even the two-group approach needs to be extended so that groups with different organic etiologies are studied separately. Taking etiological distinctions into account will allow for more precise research and a better understanding of mental retardation. Evidence for the utility of differentiating retarded persons by etiology is provided by a research review showing examples of behavioral differences between organically retarded groups. It is concluded that such differentiation also has clear implications for intervention.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Perceptions of mental retardation and mental illness.

College undergraduates were asked the degree to which they believed certain behaviors and characteristics are present in mentally retarded and mentally ill persons. Comparisons of responses showed that subjects clearly differentiated the concepts, although several areas overlapped. Mental retardation was characterized by physical stigmata and brain damage, developmental delays, and cognitive deficits; mental illness, by emotional lability due to environmental, hereditary, or mixed factors. How knowledge of people's perceptions of these disorders is essential for a more complete understanding of reactions to group homes, mainstreaming, and other "normalized" placements was discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Strengths and weaknesses in the intellectual functioning of males with fragile X syndrome.

The intellectual strengths and weaknesses of 14 boys and young men with fragile X syndrome were assessed using the Sequential, Simultaneous, and Achievement domains of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. Sequential processing, auditory, visual and motoric short-term memory, and arithmetic skills emerged as significant areas of weakness. Significant strengths were found in perceptual closure, inference, and flexibility. These findings both extend and contradict previous research and show the importance of classifying research groups by etiology of retardation rather than by overall level of impairment.

Achievement↗
PubMed1984

The use and effectiveness of maternal scaffolding in mother-infant games.

Maternal behaviors within mother-infant games were examined to determine the amount, type, and functional value of maternal helping behaviors. 17 mother-infant pairs were videotaped on monthly visits from 8 to 16 months as they played 5 separate games. 2 of these games, roll the ball and peekaboo, were analyzed in terms of "rounds" of each game. Results show that dyads play more rounds of both games in the first months that infants perform game-relevant behaviors (e.g., returning a ball, performing uncovering or covering-uncovering). Maternal attention-getting and physical "stage-setting" behaviors occur in the early rounds of both games. In roll the ball, maternal hands-out and reinforcement behaviors increase in the months after the child begins to return the ball, while the percentage of rounds in which dyads play nonreturn variants decreases. Infants are more likely to return a ball when mother holds out her hands than when she does not. Infants are also able to perform returning or uncovering in game contexts before they perform similar behaviors in cognitive tests. The general similarity of findings in the peekaboo and roll-the-ball games, in spite of differences in the amounts of scaffolding, attention-getting, stage-setting, and reinforcement behaviors between the 2 games, indicates that the types and functions of maternal helping behaviors may be generalizable to other contexts of mother-infant interactions.

Child Development↗
PubMed1982

Effects of hospitalization on young children: implications of two theories.

In this article the effects of hospitalization on the young child are analyzed from the perspective of two theoretical models of development. The first model, the critical periods model, asserts that there is an hypothesized critical period for the development of certain skills and competencies. In this model early experiences are crucial to the skills which either cannot develop or develop with much difficulty after the critical period has passed. The second model is a transactional model of development which asserts that, although early experiences are important, each interaction of the child and the environment makes a difference in development and only through continuous assessment of these transactions can we determine how the child changes and evolves. Data from studies of the effects of hospitalization on children are used to illustrate the utility of these models in the study and management of children who are hospitalized.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fathers of children with Down's syndrome versus other types of intellectual disability: perceptions, stress and involvement.

BACKGROUND: The present study examined fathers' perceptions of, stress relating to and involvement with children with Down's syndrome (DS) (n = 30) versus those with other types of intellectual disability (ID) (n = 20). METHODS: Fathers and mothers completed questionnaires about their children's personalities and maladaptive behaviours, their own parenting stress, and the fathers' level of involvement. RESULTS: Both fathers and mothers rated their children with DS as having more positive personality traits and fewer maladaptive behaviours. Possibly because of these positive perceptions, fathers of children with DS also reported less child-related stress, particularly in the areas of acceptability, adaptability and demandingness. The two groups of fathers were very similarly involved in child rearing. The personality, age and maladaptive behaviours of the children related to stress levels in the fathers of children with DS, while maladaptive behaviours, gender and the fathers' education levels related to stress levels in the fathers of children with other types of ID. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the importance of examining parental stress and involvement with children with different types of ID.

Child↗