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Biomedical subjects

R M Laughlin

Publications and source records attributed to R M Laughlin.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Intravenous gentamicin and ceftazidime in penetrating ocular trauma: a swine model.

PURPOSE: A swine model of ocular trauma was used to determine the extent of penetration of systematically administered gentamicin and ceftazidime to the vitreous cavity of traumatized and normal eyes. METHODS: Forty-six pigs received a scleral laceration to the right eye and then underwent surgical repair. Thirty-six animals received intravenous gentamicin, and 10 pigs were given ceftazidime. RESULTS: The level of gentamicin in the vitreous of traumatized and nontraumatized eyes did not achieve the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for Pseudomonas and Haemophilus species despite multiple and large intravenous doses. Ceftazidime concentrations in traumatized eyes were above the minimum inhibitory concentration for these organisms. CONCLUSIONS: Ceftazidime achieves an intravitreal concentration 33 times the minimum inhibitory concentration of Haemophilus species and twice that of Pseudomonas species in traumatized eyes after systemic administration, a finding that lends support to its use as a prophylactic agent in the management of penetrating ocular trauma. Gentamicin does not appear to enter the traumatized eye at appreciable levels after systemic administration, and, therefore, it is not recommended for use as a prophylactic agent in the management of penetrating ocular trauma.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Intravenous cefazolin in penetrating eye injuries. A swine model.

PURPOSE: A swine model of penetrating ocular trauma was used to determine the delivery of systemically administered cefazolin to the vitreous cavity of traumatized and nontraumatized eyes. METHODS: Thirty-one pigs received a scleral laceration to the right eye under anesthesia and then were given intravenous cefazolin every 8 hours. Seven pigs received nine doses at 17 mg/kg. Seven animals received three doses of 36 mg/kg, and six others received nine doses of this regimen. Six pigs received three doses of 79 mg/kg and five others received three doses of 190 mg/kg. RESULTS: Vitreous levels of cefazolin averaged 15.6 micrograms/mL in traumatized eyes but were less than 1 microgram/mL in control eyes of animals receiving three doses at 190 mg/kg (P < or = 0.025). Mean serum concentration in these animals was 49.3 micrograms/mL. Vitreous levels were less than 1 microgram/mL in traumatized and control eyes in animals given lower doses of cefazolin (range, 17-79 mg/kg) despite multiple treatments over 2 and 3 days. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that systemically delivered cefazolin achieves levels ten times the minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus epidermidis in injured eyes. Therapeutic intraocular levels can be obtained through intravenous dosing, provided that therapeutic serum concentrations are achieved.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Experimental posttraumatic Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis in a swine model. Efficacy of intravitreal ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, and imipenem.

PURPOSE: The authors compare the intravitreal efficacy of ciprofloxacin, vancomycin and imipenem, in treating experimental Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis. METHODS: Thirty-three Yorkshire pigs received a surgically induced injury to the right eye, which was then repaired and injected with 8400 colony forming units of live B. cereus. Nine pigs received no therapy and served as a natural history group. Twenty-four other pigs then were randomized into a treatment group with ciprofloxacin (n = 6), vancomycin (n = 6), imipenem (n = 6), or normal saline (n = 6). Eyes were examined clinically 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after inoculation. After 24 hours, the eyes were enucleated for histologic study. RESULTS: Experimental disease was characterized by an aggressively developing endophthalmitis, with retinitis and vitritis developing at 4 hours. Histologic examination showed vitreous abscess and retinal necrosis. Both vancomycin- and imipenem-treated group had less inflammation and tissue destruction than control animals, based on the Wilcoxon rank sum test (P < 0.05). Ciprofloxacin-treated animals showed significantly more intraocular destruction and were indistinguishable from controls. CONCLUSION: Vancomycin and imipenem appear to limit inflammation and tissue destruction when given early in the course of experimental posttraumatic endophthalmitis caused by B. cereus. Results with ciprofloxacin are less conclusive and warrant further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Paediatric post-traumatic endophthalmitis.

AIMS: A retrospective analysis of children with post-traumatic endophthalmitis was performed to determine if microbiological differences exist between this disease in the paediatric population compared with this disease in adults. METHOD: Twelve cases of post-traumatic endophthalmitis in children were analysed to determine characteristics of this disease in youth. Patient ages varied from 18 months to 13 years; the mean age was 8 years. Gram positive organisms were isolated in eight eyes, Gram negative organisms from four eyes, fungus from one eye, and negative cultures in three eyes. The most common isolates were streptococcal species (56.6%) and staphylococcal species (22.2%). Vitrectomy was performed on eight (66.7%) eyes. RESULTS: Visual acuity of 20/200 or better was obtained in eight eyes (66.7%). Three eyes had vision less than 5/200. One eye developed phthisis bulbi. Nine (75%) patients were younger than 10 years of age, and six (66.7%) of these nine obtained a final visual acuity of 20/200 or better. CONCLUSION: Useful vision can be obtained in children with post-traumatic endophthalmitis with early, aggressive treatment. The microbiology of paediatric post-traumatic endophthalmitis differs from adult disease with streptococcal species as the most common infecting organisms.

Adolescent↗