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R M McKernan

Publications and source records attributed to R M McKernan.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Retinoic acid evoked-differentiation of neuroblastoma cells predominates over growth factor stimulation: an automated image capture and quantitation approach to neuritogenesis.

To facilitate the characterization of compounds that have positive growth factor mimetic effects on neuritogenesis, we have implemented a high-throughput functional assay which measures, in a multiparametric manner, the proliferation and differentiation characteristics of cells in a microtiter plate. Conditions were established using chronic incubation of SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells with retinoic acid (RA) and/or nerve growth factor (NGF) in which discernible alterations in proliferation, growth, and differentiation of cells were induced. SH-SY5Y cells were fixed and labeled by immunocytochemistry, and an automated image acquisition and analysis package on Cellomics ArrayScanII was utilized to quantify the effects of these treatments on cell characteristics. NGF and retinoic acid were found to increase multiple parameters of SH-SY5Y differentiation, including an increased proportion of cells having neurites and increased extent of branching. However, marked differences in the effects of these compounds on SH-SY5Y growth and differentiation were also detected: whereas NGF increased cell number, RA treatment decreased cell number, and RA but not NGF caused significant elongation of neurites. This study quantifies and characterizes the effects of differentiating and proliferating agents on a human-derived neuroblastoma cell line. The high-content, rapid-throughput nature of this assay makes it ideal for functional identification and characterization of compounds regulating cell behavior.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2001

alpha4beta3delta GABA(A) receptors characterized by fluorescence resonance energy transfer-derived measurements of membrane potential.

Selective modulators of gamma-aminobutyric acid, type A (GABA(A)) receptors containing alpha(4) subunits may provide new treatments for epilepsy and premenstrual syndrome. Using mouse L(-tk) cells, we stably expressed the native GABA(A) receptor subunit combinations alpha(3)beta(3)gamma(2,) alpha(4)beta(3)gamma(2), and, for the first time, alpha(4)beta(3)delta and characterized their properties using a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay of GABA-evoked depolarizations. GABA evoked concentration-dependent decreases in fluorescence resonance energy transfer that were blocked by GABA(A) receptor antagonists and, for alpha(3)beta(3)gamma(2) and alpha(4)beta(3)gamma(2) receptors, modulated by benzodiazepines with the expected subtype specificity. When combined with alpha(4) and beta(3), delta subunits, compared with gamma(2), conferred greater sensitivity to the agonists GABA, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo-[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol (THIP), and muscimol and greater maximal efficacy to THIP. alpha(4)beta(3)delta responses were markedly modulated by steroids and anesthetics. Alphaxalone, pentobarbital, and pregnanolone were all 3-7-fold more efficacious at alpha(4)beta(3)delta compared with alpha(4)beta(3)gamma(2.) The fluorescence technique used in this study has proven valuable for extensive characterization of a novel GABA(A) receptor. For GABA(A) receptors containing alpha(4) subunits, our experiments reveal that inclusion of delta instead of gamma(2) subunits can increase the affinity and in some cases the efficacy of agonists and can increase the efficacy of allosteric modulators. Pregnanolone was a particularly efficacious modulator of alpha(4)beta(3)delta receptors, consistent with a central role for this subunit combination in premenstrual syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Loss of the major GABA(A) receptor subtype in the brain is not lethal in mice.

The alpha1beta2gamma2 is the most abundant subtype of the GABA(A) receptor and is localized in many regions of the brain. To gain more insight into the role of this receptor subtype in the modulation of inhibitory neurotransmission, we generated mice lacking either the alpha1 or beta2 subunit. In agreement with the reported abundance of this subtype, >50% of total GABA(A) receptors are lost in both alpha1-/- and beta2-/- mice. Surprisingly, homozygotes of both mouse lines are viable, fertile, and show no spontaneous seizures. Initially half of the alpha1-/- mice died prenatally or perinatally, but they exhibited a lower mortality rate in subsequent generations, suggesting some phenotypic drift and adaptive changes. Both adult alpha1-/- and beta2-/- mice demonstrate normal performances on the rotarod, but beta2-/- mice displayed increased locomotor activity. Purkinje cells of the cerebellum primarily express alpha1beta2gamma2 receptors, and in electrophysiological recordings from alpha1-/- mice GABA currents in these neurons are dramatically reduced, and residual currents have a benzodiazepine pharmacology characteristic of alpha2- or alpha3-containing receptors. In contrast, the cerebellar Purkinje neurons from beta2-/- mice have only a relatively small reduction of GABA currents. In beta2-/- mice expression levels of all six alpha subunits are reduced by approximately 50%, suggesting that the beta2 subunit can coassemble with alpha subunits other than just alpha1. Our data confirm that alpha1beta2gamma2 is the major GABA(A) receptor subtype in the murine brain and demonstrate that, surprisingly, the loss of this receptor subtype is not lethal.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of alpha subunit on allosteric modulation of ion channel function in stably expressed human recombinant gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors determined using (36)Cl ion flux.

Inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptors are subject to modulation at a variety of allosteric sites, with pharmacology dependent on receptor subunit combination. The influence of different alpha subunits in combination with beta3gamma2s was examined in stably expressed human recombinant GABA(A) receptors by measuring (36)Cl influx through the ion channel pore. Muscimol and GABA exhibited similar maximal efficacy at each receptor subtype, although muscimol was more potent, with responses blocked by picrotoxin and bicuculline. Receptors containing the alpha3 subunit exhibited slightly lower potency. The comparative pharmacology of a range of benzodiazepine site ligands was examined, revealing a range of intrinsic efficacies at different receptor subtypes. Of the diazepam-sensitive GABA(A) receptors (alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha5), alpha5 showed the most divergence, being discriminated by zolpidem in terms of very low affinity, and CL218,872 and CGS9895 with different efficacies. Benzodiazepine potentiation at alpha3beta3gamma2s with nonselective agonist chlordiazepoxide was greater than at alpha1, alpha2, or alpha5 (P < 0.001). The presence of an alpha4 subunit conferred a unique pharmacological profile. The partial agonist bretazenil was the most efficacious benzodiazepine, despite lower alpha4 affinity, and FG8205 displayed similar efficacy. Most striking were the lack of affinity/efficacy for classical benzodiazepines and the relatively high efficacy of Ro15-1788 (53 +/- 12%), CGS8216 (56 +/- 6%), CGS9895 (65 +/- 6%), and the weak partial inverse agonist Ro15-4513 (87 +/- 5%). Each receptor subtype was modulated by pentobarbital, loreclezole, and 5alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one, but the type of alpha subunit influenced the level of potentiation. The maximal pentobarbital response was significantly greater at alpha4beta3gamma2s (226 +/- 10% increase in the EC(20) response to GABA) than any other modulator. The rank order of potentiation for pregnanolone was alpha5 > alpha2 > alpha3 = alpha4 > alpha1, for loreclezole alpha1 = alpha2 = alpha3 > alpha5 > alpha4, and for pentobarbital alpha4 = alpha5 = alpha2 > alpha1 = alpha3.

Allosteric Regulation↗
PubMed2000

N-(indol-3-ylglyoxylyl)piperidines: high affinity agonists of human GABA-A receptors containing the alpha1 subunit.

A new class of N-(indol-3-ylglyoxylyl)piperidines are high affinity agonists at the benzodiazepine binding site of human GABA-A receptor ion-channels, with modest selectivity for receptors containing the alpha1 subunit over alpha2 and alpha3. All three receptor subtypes discriminate substantially between the two enantiomers of the chiral ligand 10.

GABA-A Receptor Agonists↗
PubMed2000

Density and pharmacology of alpha5 subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors are preserved in hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease patients.

The anatomical localization and pharmacology of alpha5 subunit-containing GABA type-A receptors in the human hippocampal formation of Alzheimer's disease patients were studied with an alpha5 receptor selective ligand, [3H]L-655,708 and compared to age-matched human controls. Autoradiographic analyses revealed a heterogeneous distribution of [3H]L-655,708 binding sites in CA1-CA3 areas with high levels in stratum oriens, stratum pyramidale and stratum radiatum contrasting with low levels in stratum lacunosum. The highest quantity of alpha5 receptors was found in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. This pattern of expression was identical in both hippocampus from control and Alzheimer's disease subjects. Quantitative studies demonstrated that the number of [3H]L-655,708 binding sites is well preserved in Alzheimer's disease with only a moderate reduction (25-30%) in the CA1 subfield and entorhinal cortex. Furthermore, saturation and competition experiments with [3H]L-655,708 and representative benzodiazepine site ligands revealed that alpha5 receptors in Alzheimer's hippocampus have an alpha5beta2/3gamma2 pharmacology and structure as in control human brain.Overall, the data reported here provide evidence for a specific expression and relative sparing of alpha5 subunit-containing gamma-aminobutyric acid type-A receptors in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's patients.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Sedative but not anxiolytic properties of benzodiazepines are mediated by the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subtype.

Inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain is largely mediated by GABA(A) receptors. Potentiation of GABA receptor activation through an allosteric benzodiazepine (BZ) site produces the sedative, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant and cognition-impairing effects of clinically used BZs such as diazepam. We created genetically modified mice (alpha1 H101R) with a diazepam-insensitive alpha1 subtype and a selective BZ site ligand, L-838,417, to explore GABA(A) receptor subtypes mediating specific physiological effects. These two complimentary approaches revealed that the alpha1 subtype mediated the sedative, but not the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines. This finding suggests ways to improve anxiolytics and to develop drugs for other neurological disorders based on their specificity for GABA(A) receptor subtypes in distinct neuronal circuits.

Allosteric Site↗
PubMed2000

Anticonvulsant and adverse effects of avermectin analogs in mice are mediated through the gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor.

Twenty-five avermectin analogs were assessed in a mouse seizure model. The ED(50) against pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures ranged from 0.48 mg/kg (L-676,893) to >160 mg/kg (L-685,869) cf. 0. 26 mg/kg for diazepam. Although avermectins are without acute toxic effects, they have been historically shown to have relative low LD(50) values in mammals. The mechanisms involved in the anticonvulsant effect and the toxicity were investigated. A series of avermectin analogs displaced [(3)H]ivermectin binding to rat brain membranes and recombinant GABA(A) receptors (alpha1beta3gamma2-subtype) with the same affinities, strongly suggesting that [(3)H]ivermectin labels the GABA(A) receptor in rodent brain. Avermectins, which were anticonvulsant, were also potent inhibitors of [(3)H]ivermectin binding in rat brain. However, the rank order for anticonvulsant activity did not parallel the rank order for affinity at the [(3)H]ivermectin site and it was reasoned that avermectins may have differential affinity or efficacy at subtypes of the GABA(A) receptor. All the active compounds tested potentiated the effects of GABA at recombinant GABA(A) receptors in oocytes and at native cortical GABA(A) receptors and the efficacy of avermectins at the GABA(A) receptor correlated best with their anticonvulsant potency. Although avermectins weakly inhibited [(3)H]strychnine binding in rat spinal cord, and inhibited glycine responses on primary cultured cortical neurons, activity at glycine receptors did not correlate with either anticonvulsant activity or toxicity. Because both anticonvulsant activity and toxicity correlated best with activity at GABA(A) receptors, it is unlikely that these effects can be separated, which may contraindicate the potential use of avermectins as anticonvulsants.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

theta, a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit.

gamma-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABA-A) receptors are a major mediator of inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system, and the site of action of a number of clinically important drugs. These receptors exist as a family of subtypes with distinct temporal and spatial patterns of expression and distinct properties that presumably underlie a precise role for each subtype. The newest member of this gene family is the theta subunit. The deduced polypeptide sequence is 627 amino acids long and has highest sequence identity (50.5%) with the beta1 subunit. Within the rat striatum, this subunit coassembles with alpha2, beta1, and gamma1, suggesting that gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors consisting of arrangements other than alpha beta + gamma, delta, or epsilon do exist. Expression of alpha2beta1gamma1theta in transfected mammalian cells leads to the formation of receptors with a 4-fold decrease in the affinity for gamma-aminobutyric acid compared with alpha2beta1gamma1. This subunit has a unique distribution, with studies so far suggesting significant expression within monoaminergic neurons of both human and monkey brain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Molecular and functional diversity of the expanding GABA-A receptor gene family.

Fast inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian CNS is mediated primarily by the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which, upon binding to its receptor, leads to opening of the intrinsic ion channel, allowing chloride to enter the cell. Over the past 10 years it has become clear that a family of GABA-A receptor subtypes exists, generated through the coassembly of polypeptides selected from alpha 1-alpha 6, beta 1-beta 3, gamma 1-gamma 3, delta, epsilon, and pie to form what is most likely a pentomeric macromolecule. The gene transcripts, and indeed the polypeptides, show distinct patterns of temporal and spatial expression, such that the GABA-A receptor subtypes have a defined localization that presumably reflects their physiological role. A picture is beginning to emerge of the properties conferred to receptor subtypes by the different subunits; these include different functional properties, differential modulation by protein kinases, and the targeting to different membrane compartments. These properties presumably underlie the different physiological roles of the various receptor subtypes. Recently we have identified a further member of the GABA-A receptor gene family, which we have termed theta, which appears to be most closely related to the beta subunits. The structure, function, and distribution of theta-containing receptors, and receptors containing the recently reported epsilon subunit, are described.

Benzodiazepines↗
PubMed1999

Stoichiometry of a ligand-gated ion channel determined by fluorescence energy transfer.

We have developed a method to determine the stoichiometry of subunits within an oligomeric cell surface receptor using fluorescently tagged antibodies to the individual subunits and measuring energy transfer between them. Anti-c-Myc monoclonal antibody (mAb 9-E10) derivatized with a fluorophore (europium cryptate, EuK) was used to individually label c-Myc-tagged alpha1-, beta2-, or gamma2-subunits of the hetero-oligomeric gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor in intact cells. The maximal fluorescent signal derived from the alpha1(c-Myc)beta2gamma2 and the alpha1beta2(c-Myc)gamma2 receptors was twice that obtained with alpha1beta2gamma2(c-Myc), suggesting that there are 2x alpha-, 2x beta-, and 1x gamma-subunits in a receptor monomer. This observation was extended using fluorescence energy transfer. Receptors were half-maximally saturated with EuK-anti-c-Myc mAb, and the remaining alpha1(c-Myc) subunits were labeled with excess anti-c-Myc mAb derivatized with the fluorescence energy acceptor, XL665. On exposure to laser light, energy transfer from EuK to XL665 occurred with alpha1(c-Myc)beta2gamma2 and alpha1beta2(c-Myc)gamma2, but no significant energy transfer was observed with alpha1beta2gamma2(c-Myc) receptors, indicating the absence of a second gamma-subunit in a receptor monomer. We confirm that the GABAA receptor subtype, alpha1beta2gamma2, is composed of two copies each of the alpha- and beta-subunits and one copy of the gamma-subunit (i.e. (alpha1)2(beta2)2(gamma2)1) and conclude that this method would have general applicability to other multisubunit cell surface proteins.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1999

Autoradiographic localization of alpha5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors in rat brain.

Multiple subtypes of GABAA receptors are expressed in the rat central nervous system (CNS). To determine the distribution and proportion of alpha5 subunit containing receptors, quantitative autoradiographic analyses were performed with both [3H]L-655,708 and [3H]Ro15-1788, an alpha5 selective and a non selective benzodiazepine binding site ligand, respectively. High densities of [3H]L-655,708 binding sites were observed in hippocampus and olfactory bulb, where alpha5 receptors accounted for 20-35% of total [3H]Ro15-1788 binding sites. Low levels of [3H]L-655,708 sites were associated with the cortex as well as amygdala, thalamic, hypothalamic and midbrain nuclei. These observations indicate that although [3H]L-655,708 binding sites have an overall low expression in rat CNS, they may contribute significantly to GABAergic inhibition in specific brain regions.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Age-related changes in GABA(A) receptor subunit composition and function in rat auditory system.

A decline in the ability to discriminate speech from noise due to age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) may reflect impaired auditory information processing within the central nervous system. Presbycusis may result, in part, from functional loss of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. The present study assessed age-related changes of the GABA(A) receptor in the inferior colliculus of young-adult, middle-aged, and aged rats related to: (i) receptor subunit composition and (ii) receptor function. Western blotting was used to measure protein levels of selected GABA(A) receptor subunits in preparations obtained from the inferior colliculus of Fischer 344 and Fischer 344/Brown-Norway F1 hybrid rats. In both strains, the aged group exhibited significant increases in gamma1 subunit protein and a decrease in alpha1 subunit protein. To examine the functional consequence of this putative age-related subunit change, we measured the ability of exogenous GABA to flux/translocate chloride ions into microsac preparations derived from Fischer 344 inferior colliculus. GABA-mediated chloride influx was significantly increased in samples prepared from the inferior colliculus of aged animals. Together with previous studies, these results strongly suggest an age-related change in GABA(A) receptor composition. These changes may reflect a compensatory up-regulation of inhibitory function in the face of significant loss of presynaptic GABA release. These findings provide one example of plastic neurotransmitter receptor changes which can occur during the ageing process.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Regional differences in the inhibition of mouse in vivo [3H]Ro 15-1788 binding reflect selectivity for alpha 1 versus alpha 2 and alpha 3 subunit-containing GABAA receptors.

The benzodiazepines flunitrazepam, diazepam, and Ro 15-1788 and the beta-carboline DMCM bind with equivalent affinity to the benzodiazepine binding site of GABAA receptors containing different alpha subunits (i.e., alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3, or alpha 5); whereas, the triazolopyridazine CL 218,872 and imidazopyridine zolpidem have higher affinity for alpha 1 subunit-containing GABAA receptors. In the present study, the in vivo binding of [3H]Ro 15-1788 in mouse cerebellum and spinal cord was used to establish the occupancy of the benzodiazepine binding site of GABAA receptors containing primarily alpha 1 and alpha 2/alpha 3 subunits, respectively. Thus, the nonselective compounds flunitrazepam, diazepam, and DMCM all produced a similar inhibition of binding in cerebellum and spinal cord (respective ID50 values of 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg i.p.); whereas, the alpha 1 selective compounds CL 218,872 and zolpidem were more potent at inhibiting [3H]Ro 15-1788 binding in the cerebellum (ID50 values 4.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg i.p.) compared to the spinal cord (ID50 values 12 mg/kg and > 30 mg/kg i.p.). Thus, the reduction of in vivo f[3H]Ro 15-1788 binding in tissues containing alpha 1 and alpha 2/alpha 3 receptor populations reflects the in vitro affinities of subtype selective compounds and should help to interpret the behavioral profile of such compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Proliferative effects of cholecystokinin in GH3 pituitary cells mediated by CCK2 receptors and potentiated by insulin.

1. Proliferative effects of CCK peptides have been examined in rat anterior pituitary GH3 cells, which express CCK2 receptors. 2. CCK-8s, gastrin(1-17) and its glycine-extended precursor G(1-17)-Gly, previously reported to cause proliferation via putative novel sites on AR4-2J and Swiss 3T3 cells, elicited significant dose dependent increases of similar magnitude in [3H]thymidine incorporation over 3 days in serum-free medium of 39 +/- 10% (P < 0.01, n = 20), 37 +/- 8% (P < 0.01, n = 27) and 41 +/- 6% (P < 0.01, n = 36) respectively. 3. CCK-8s and gastrin potentially stimulated mitogenesis (EC50 values 0.12 nM and 3.0 nM respectively), whilst G-Gly displayed similar efficacy but markedly lower potency. L-365,260 consistently blocked each peptide. The CCK2 receptor affinity of G-Gly in GH3 cells was 1.09 microM (1.01;1.17, n = 6) and 5.53 microM (3.71;5.99, n = 4) in guinea-pig cortex. 4. 1 microM G-Gly weakly stimulated Ca2+ increase, eliciting a 104 +/- 21% increase over basal Ca2+ levels, and was blocked by 1 microM L-365,260 whilst CCK-8s (100 nM) produced a much larger Ca2+ response (331 +/- 14%). 5. Insulin dose dependently enhanced proliferative effects of CCK-8s with a maximal leftwards shift of the CCK-8s curve at 100 ng ml(-1) (17 nM) (EC50 decreased 500 fold, from 0.1 nM to 0.2 pM; P < 0.0001). 10 microg ml(-1) insulin was supramaximal reducing the EC50 to 5 pM (P = 0.027) whilst 1 ng ml(-1) insulin was ineffective. Insulin weakly displaced [125I]BHCCK binding to GH3 CCK2 receptors (IC50 3.6 microM). 6. Results are consistent with mediation of G-Gly effects via CCK2 receptors in GH3 cells and reinforce the role of CCK2 receptors in control of cell growth. Effects of insulin in enhancing CCK proliferative potency may suggest that CCK2 and insulin receptors converge on common intracellular targets and indicates that mitogenic stimuli are influenced by the combination of extracellular factors present.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Preferential coassembly of alpha4 and delta subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor in rat thalamus.

Pharmacological study of rat thalamic gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors revealed the presence of two distinct populations, namely, diazepam-sensitive and diazepam-insensitive [3H]Ro15-4513 binding sites accounting for 94 +/- 2% (1339 +/- 253 fmol/mg protein) and 6 +/- 2% (90 +/- 44 fmol/mg protein) of total sites, respectively. Thalamic diazepam-insensitive sites exhibited a pharmacology that was distinct from diazepam-sensitive sites but comparable to that of the alpha4beta3gamma2 subtype of the GABAA receptor stably expressed in L(tk-) cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments with a specific anti-alpha4-antiserum immunoprecipitated 20 and 7% of total thalamic [3H]muscimol and [3H]Ro15-4513 sites, respectively. Combinatorial immunoprecipitation using antisera against the alpha4, gamma2, and delta subunit revealed that alpha4delta- and alpha4gamma2-containing receptors account for 13 +/- 2 and 8 +/- 3% of [3H]muscimol sites from thalamus, respectively. It also indicated that all delta subunits coexist with an alpha4 subunit in this brain region. In conclusion, our results show that in rat thalamus both alpha4betagamma2 and alpha4betadelta subtypes are expressed but alpha4betadelta is the major alpha4-containing GABAA receptor population.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed1999

Studies of molecular pharmacophore/receptor models for GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor subtypes: binding affinities of substituted beta-carbolines at recombinant alpha x beta 3 gamma 2 subtypes and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies via a comparative molecular field analysis.

Binding affinities of a series of 44 beta-carbolines with various substituents at the 3-, 4-, 6- and 7-positions are reported at 5 distinct recombinant GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor (BzR) subtypes [alpha x beta 3 gamma 2 (x = 1-3, 5, 6)]. Many of these ligands displayed better selectivity for the alpha 1 containing GABAA isoform. The most selective BCCT 2 and SPH 195 (17) displayed potent affinity (Ki = 0.72 and 7.2 nM for the alpha 1 beta 3 gamma 2 receptor subtype, respectively) and an overall selectivity of 20 and 23 fold, respectively, for the alpha 1 beta 3 gamma 2 receptor subtype. These are the most selective ligands in vitro for the alpha 1 containing GABAA/Bz receptor isoform reported to date to our knowledge. QSAR studies of these ligands for each receptor subtype have been carried out via a Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) and an included volume analysis. Geometries and charge distributions of these ligands have been optimized using ab initio methods (J. Med. Chem., 1992, 35, 4001-4010). Active conformations of flexible 3-alkoxylated beta-carbolines have been examined via a CoMFA approach. QSAR studies via CoMFA support the previous hypothesis that beta-carbolines with different intrinsic activities may follow an alternative alignment rule when they bind into the pharmacophore/receptor site of the BzR. Examination of binding affinities of beta-carbolines by this modeling strategy has established some of the differences, in particular, topologic differences between the lipophilic pockets in the alpha 1 beta 3 gamma 2, alpha 2 beta 3 gamma 2, alpha 3 beta 3 gamma 2, alpha 5 beta 3 gamma 2 and alpha 6 beta 3 gamma 2 subtypes as well as some of the similarities among the pharmacophore/receptor models of these five distinct GABAA/Bz receptor subtypes.

Binding Sites↗