Specific infections and neoplasms that are complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) occur within various CD4 lymphocyte count ranges. Knowledge of how these counts correlate with radiographic appearances of these entities can limit the differential diagnosis because certain conditions are uncommon above a specific count. In patients with CD4 lymphocyte counts above 200 cells/mm3 and radiographic findings of cavitary and noncavitary consolidation, bacterial pneumonia and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the major diagnostic considerations. As the CD4 lymphocyte count falls, these infections are still common; however, cavitation is seen less frequently with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and unusual bacterial infections, including those caused by Rhodococcus equi and Nocardia asteroides, should be considered. In patients with counts below 200 cells/mm3, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is the most common infection, usually manifesting radiographically as a reticular interstitial pattern. At CD4 lymphocyte counts of 50-200 cells/mm3, disseminated fungal infection and Kaposi sarcoma become prevalent. In patients with advanced AIDS and counts below 50 cells/mm3, radiographic nodular or reticular patterns may indicate AIDS-related lymphoma and cytomegalovirus and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections. When CD4 lymphocyte counts are applied to interpretation of chest radiographs in AIDS patients, the working differential diagnosis of a radiographic pattern can be tailored to the clinical situation of a given patient.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Prevalence of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis in 1000 patients.

Since the presence of torus poses a problem in successful construction of dentures, a study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Torus Palatinus and Torus Mandibularis in 1000 patients, which was 9.5% and 1.4% respectively. The prevalence of Torus palatinus was more common in female than males. Majority of the tori were found in the age group of 11 to 30 yrs and were rarely seen before 10 yrs of age. The most common region was the middle of the palate as well as mandible. It is emphasized that presence of torus should be carefully evaluated and construction of denture be modified accordingly.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Does the tongue play a role in the initial development of vertical palatal shelf in hamster?

A study was undertaken to examine whether the tongue plays any role in determining the primordial development of palatal shelves in a vertical direction in mammals. Control and 6-mercaptopurine-treated embryos from Golden Syrian hamsters were examined by scanning electron microscopic and histological techniques for the spatio-temporal relationship of primordial development of the palate, tongue, and mandible. DNA synthesis, measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation, was used as an index of growth. The data indicated that in controls, vertical palate development began in the anterior half from the roof of the oronasal cavity, whereas the tongue bulges and the mandibular process developed in the posterior half of the oronasal cavity. A burst in DNA synthesis occurred in the palate and mandible, but not in the tongue. In 6-mercaptopurine-treated fetuses, although the chronological appearance of primordia of all three structures was normal, DNA synthesis was inhibited in all three structures. The recovery in DNA synthesis, albeit partial, was faster in the palate and mandible than in the tongue. On the basis of observations from the present study, along with those from other vertebrates, it is suggested that the developing tongue may not play any role in determining the direction of development of the palatal primordia.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Papillomatous type of squamous cell carcinoma of tongue (a case report).

A rare case of papillomatous type of squamous cell carcinoma on the dorsal surface of the tip of the tongue in a female patient was reported. Histopathologically the deeper structures were not affected and the lesion was well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma so the spread of the tumor cells to lymph-nodes and other organ system was not occurred which ultimately leads to the good prognosis. Therefore, it is very important for the clinician to recognize early abnormalities in mucosa.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Oral pemphigus vulgaris. Clinico-pathological follow-up of 34 cases.

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Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cyto-diagnosis of oral pemphigus vulgaris.

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Cytodiagnosis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ultrastructural observations on the development of triamcinolone-induced cleft palate in hamsters.

Cleft palate was induced in fetuses by administration of triamcinolone to pregnant hamsters. Twenty hours after treatment, alterations were seen at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface in the prospective fusion epithelium of the vertical shelf. The alterations included contacts between the epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and disruptions in the continuity of the basal lamina. Thirty-two hours after triamcinolone treatment, the basal epithelial cells in some of the reorienting palatal shelves were necrotic. When compared with normal cells, the drug treated necrotic cells were lighter in appearance due to reduced polyribosomes; they also lacked lysosomes. In other reorienting shelves, the basal cells were lost and the epithelial continutity was maintained by the superficial cells. The alterations at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface, and the necrotic changes in the basal cells, became more severe with delayed horizontal reorientation of the palatal shelves. The necrotic debris was cleared by macrophages. At a later stage, the opposing epithelia of the horizontal shelves did not fuse but underwent stratification. It appears that triamcinolone induces alterations at the epithelial-mesenchymal interface, and inhibits the normal process of protein synthesis in the epithelial cells during palatogenesis. This, along with delayed differentiation of mesenchymal cells, distrupts the timing of coordinated development of the palatal tissues. These changes are associated with a delay in the reorientation of the palatine shelves, and cleft palate results.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Development of the secondary palate in chick embryo: a light and electron microscopic and histochemical study.

Development of the secondary palate was studied in the chick embryo using light and electron microscopic and histochemical techniques. The palatal shelves develop as horizontal outgrowths of the maxilla on day 6 of incubation (HH stage 29). During the next 2 days (HH stages 30-33) the shelves continue their growth toward the midline, and on day 9 (HH stage 34) they approximate. At no time do the approximating shelves form direct contacts. Ultrastructural and histochemical observations indicate that the midline epithelia of the opposite shelves differentiate into a stratified squamous pattern. Unlike rodents and humans, the midline epithelial cells of the chick embryonic palate are not programmed to die. Other features of cellular differentiation such as the appearance of intracytoplasmic tonofilaments and glycogen, seen in species where palatal fusion occurs, were absent during palatogenesis in the chick. It is suggested that morphogenesis of the palate in chick embryos is different from that in the rodents, primates and humans. These differences are attributed to the pattern of subcellular differentiation in the palatal tissues.

Animals↗