Pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxicity of lopinavir/ritonavir in non-cirrhotic HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
R Marrone
Publications and source records attributed to R Marrone.
Nevirapine plasma exposure affects both durability of viral suppression and selection of nevirapine primary resistance mutations in a clinical setting.
The relationship between nevirapine plasma concentrations and the durability of both viral suppression (VS) and selection of nevirapine primary resistance mutations (PRMs) was evaluated. A nevirapine trough concentration (Ctrough) of >4,300 ng/ml was found to predict longer VS. Patients with nevirapine Ctrough s ranging from 3,100 to 4,300 ng/ml had higher probabilities of developing PRMs than those with nevirapine Ctrough s below and above this concentration interval.
Adult↗
Clinical pharmacology of antiretroviral therapy.
Antiretroviral therapy represents by all means a new branch of anti-infective chemotherapy, and in order to describe the mode of action of antiretrovirals, a series of inferences from anti-bacterial chemotherapy were made. The currently available antiretroviral agents can be classified as time-dependent drugs, and therefore the key pharmacokinetic parameter adopted in their clinical-pharmacological assessment is the concentration at the end of the dosing interval (Ctrough). By focusing on this parameter, the application of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) allows for the successful individual tailoring of the drug dosage in some clinical circumstances, such as treatment of drug-resistant infections, drug-drug interactions and side effects. While this procedure has now been sufficiently standardized for protease inhibitors (PIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), no clinical applications are yet recognized for nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (N/NtRTIs) and fusion inhibitors. The main unfavourable peculiarity of HIV infection, such as the need for lifelong treatment, is one of the reasons why increasing attention is being paid to pharmacological aspects of antiretroviral therapy. Issues like treatment potency, maintenance over time of the immunovirological benefit and long-term side effects require intensive pharmacological investigation in order to obtain the information on which basing the most convenient strategy to be adopted for the therapeutical management of this condition.
Anti-HIV Agents↗
[A simple method to detect disaccharides deficiency].
A simple method, easy to perform during an endoscopic procedure, fast and inexpensive, that allows detecting deficiencies in lactase, sucrase or maltase activities is presented. Briefly, method consists in placing a duodenal biopsy sample in an adequate vial containing lactose, sucrose or maltose solution during a few minutes, and then, adding a few drops of a glucose reactive from commercial origin. Presence of any enzymatic activity is demonstrated when released glucose from any of the disaccharides chosen reacts with the second reactive, turning solution to a red colour. Its utility is discussed and compared with other diagnostic methods.
Clinical Enzyme Tests↗
Dying, mourning, and spirituality: a psychological perspective.
Based in an unfortunate tradition that stretches back in time to Watson's behaviorism and Freud's psychoanalysis, psychology has tended to reject and to pathologize matters of the spirit. In the past 30 years, however, with the advent of what has been termed the cognitive revolution, psychology has greatly expanded the scope of its subject matter. Psychologists and thanatologists have begun to unravel the cognitive underpinnings of our assumptive world and the transformation of those underpinnings in times of crisis and stress. This article examines the cognitive basis of the spiritual experience and the use of cognitive assimilation, accommodation strategies during the process of mourning the death of a loved one, as well as during the process of living our own dying. Of special importance to mental health professionals and clergy, new research on dying, mourning, and spirituality suggests that the specific ways in which people rediscover meaning--such as belief in traditional religious doctrine, the afterlife, reincarnation, philanthropy, or a spiritual order to the universe--may be less important than the process itself. In other words, in the midst of dealing with profound loss in our lives, the ability to reascribe meaning to a changed world through spiritual transformation, religious conversion, or existential change may be more significant than the specific content by which that need is filled.
Caregivers↗