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Biomedical subjects

R Muff

Publications and source records attributed to R Muff.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Comparison of a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor in a human neuroblastoma cell line (SK-N-MC) and a calcitonin receptor in a human breast carcinoma cell line (T47D).

A specific CGRP-binding protein of M(r) 60,000 has been identified in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. After N-deglycosylation a M(r) of 48,000 was found. The M(r) were indistinguishable from those determined in the human cerebellum. Receptor binding of CGRP is coupled to cyclic AMP formation. The latter is antagonized by hCGRP-I8-37. CT and DAPamide interact only minimally with the CGRP receptor, whereas CGRP and DAPamide are full agonists in T47D cells. The CT receptor on human breast cancer cell line T47D is clearly different from the human CGRP receptor.

Amino Acid Sequence

Intracolonic bioavailability of human calcitonin in man.

Human calcitonin (hCT) injected into the lumen of the descending colon of normal human subjects was absorbed within minutes and could be recognized intact in plasma as shown by RIA in combination with reverse-phase HPLC. The absorption was low and variable, with bioavailabilities ranging from 0.01% to 2.7% relative to intravenously administered hCT (area under the concentration-time curve). With intravenous hCT serum calcium was lowered and the fractional urinary excretion of calcium, phosphorus, sodium and chloride was significantly stimulated. With the intracolonic hCT, the fractional urinary excretions of calcium, sodium and chloride were also marginally stimulated relative to intracolonic vehicle (placebo). In conclusion, hCT is absorbed intact from the colon, but the bioavailability is low and highly variable.

Adult

Parathyroid hormone receptors in control of proximal tubule function.

Parathyroid hormone action on renal proximal tubule function involves phospholipase C/protein kinase C as well as adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A mediated regulatory pathways. Tissue culture experiments suggest that low concentrations of PTH affect preferentially the phospholipase C/protein kinase C pathway. In vivo, both regulatory cascades are probably involved in the regulation of proximal tubule function. It is not clear at present whether the two intracellular pathways are linked to one or two PTH receptors. A polarized distribution of PTH receptor(s) involving different second messengers appears possible in proximal tubule epithelial cells. High-affinity (Kd 10(-11)-10(-12) M) PTH receptors in the range of circulating PTH concentrations in vivo remain to be identified. Structural and functional characterization of PTH receptors as well as of the PTH-sensitive intracellular mediators and transport systems form the basis for a better understanding of PTH-dependent regulation of proximal tubule function.

Absorption

Formation of neutralizing antibodies during intranasal synthetic salmon calcitonin treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Nineteen patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis were treated with 200 u (15 nmol) synthetic salmon calcitonin (sCT) intranasally per day for 15 months. Six months after the start of the nasal administration of sCT, antibodies were recognized in 7, and after 15 months in 10 of the 19 patients studied. The half-maximal dilution of serum binding to 60 pmol/l [125I]sCT (dilution-50) ranged from 2 to 490, and half-maximal inhibition of [125I]sCT binding (60 pmol/l) from 91 to 221 pmol/l sCT. In a cultured breast cancer cell line (T47D) cAMP production was stimulated by sCT (EC50 70 pmol/l). Stimulated cAMP production by sCT (50 pmol/l) was reduced to between 4% and 23% in the presence of serum from patients with antibody dilution-50 of [125I]sCT binding exceeding 32. In patients with lower titer antibodies cAMP production was only marginally suppressed. The values of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis were in the range of those of earlier studied patients with Paget's disease and clinical resistance to sCT. There was a linear relation between the antibody dilution-50 and the serum dilution required for half-maximal inhibition of cAMP production (P less than 0.01). In conclusion, neutralizing antibodies to sCT may contribute to the decreased responsiveness of bone mineral loss during prolonged treatment with sCT.

Administration, Intranasal

Effect of dexamethasone on parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein regulated phosphate uptake in opossum kidney cells.

Effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on receptor binding of bovine PTH (1-34) [bPTH (1-34)] and human PTH-related protein (1-34) [hPTHrP(1-34)] and cAMP accumulation, and on the inhibition of Na(+)-dependent phosphate uptake were studied in opossum kidney (OK) cells. Maximal specific binding of [125I]hPTHrP(1-34) was reduced by 40% in cells treated with 100 nM DEX, but half-maximal inhibition of binding of [125I]hPTHrP(1-34) by bPTH(1-34) or hPTHrP(1-34) was unaffected by DEX (0.5 nM and 1.4 nM, in the absence and presence of DEX, respectively). Moreover, the EC50 of bPTH(1-34) and hPTHrP(1-34)-evoked cAMP accumulation ranged from 3-7 nM and was the same with and without DEX. The EC50 of the inhibition of phosphate uptake by bPTH(1-34) and hPTHrP(1-34) ranged from 0.2-0.5 nM. Treatment with 100 nM DEX increased phosphate uptake 1.5-fold (EC50 3 nM), and the inhibition of phosphate uptake by bPTH(1-34) and hPTHrP(1-34) was suppressed. The inhibition of phosphate uptake by forskolin was also suppressed in cells treated with 100 nM DEX. DEX, on the other hand, enhanced forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation 1.6- to 1.8-fold. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate did not affect cAMP production, but phosphate uptake was inhibited both in the absence and the presence of 100 nM DEX (EC50 3 nM). In conclusion, treatment of OK cells with DEX only minimally affected PTH receptor binding, and cAMP accumulation evoked by bPTH(1-34) and hPTHrP(1-34) remained unaltered. The inhibition of phosphate uptake by PTH, however, was suppressed.

Animals

Efficacy of intranasal human calcitonin in patients with Paget's disease refractory to salmon calcitonin.

PURPOSE: A cause for the resistance to intranasal salmon calcitonin (sCT) therapy in patients with Paget's disease is the occurrence of neutralizing antibodies to sCT. As a result, a new formulation of intranasal human calcitonin (hCT) was developed, and the efficacy investigated in patients treated earlier with sCT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients with Paget's disease were treated twice daily for 6 months with 1 mg synthetic hCT administered intranasally. Five patients demonstrated low-titer antibodies to sCT, and four of the patients did not respond previously to 1-year therapy with intranasal sCT. The hypocalcemic effect of 3 mg hCT was compared to that of 0.1 mg sCT before and after the intranasal hCT therapy. Serum alkaline phosphatase and the ratio between the urinary excretion of hydroxyproline and creatinine were measured before and during intranasal hCT treatment. RESULTS: The hypocalcemic response to 3 mg intranasal hCT (-6.60 +/- 0.67%, mean +/- standard error) was similar before and at the end of intranasal hCT therapy (-5.92 +/- 0.80%, p greater than 0.1). Intranasal sCT (0.1 mg) lowered serum calcium less effectively (-2.86 +/- 0.76%) than 3 mg intranasal hCT (p less than 0.05). The presence of low-titer antibodies to sCT did not affect the hypocalcemic response to sCT or hCT. As a result of the 6-month intranasal hCT regimen, serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio were reduced to 62 +/- 5% (p less than 0.001) and 80 +/- 7% (p less than 0.05) respectively, of pretreatment levels. In four patients previously resistant to intranasal sCT therapy because of neutralizing antibodies to sCT, serum alkaline phosphatase was similarly lowered by intranasal hCT to 66 +/- 6% of pretreatment levels (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSION: A new formulation of intranasal hCT effectively lowered serum calcium levels, alkaline phosphatase concentrations, and urinary hydroxyproline excretion in patients with Paget's disease, some of whom were previously resistant to intranasal sCT because of neutralizing antibodies.

Administration, Intranasal

Calcitonin gene products and the kidney.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is localized in capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibres in the kidney and urogenital tract whereas calcitonin reaches the kidney through the general circulation. Systemic infusion of CGRP and perfusion of isolated rat kidney reduces vascular resistance, and increases renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. CGRP stimulates renin secretion in vivo and in vitro and inhibits contraction of isolated rat mesangial cells by angiotensin II. Calcitonin does not affect vascular resistance, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration, and is less potent in stimulating renin secretion, and does not alter contraction of isolated rat mesangial cells by angiotensin II. CGRP also exerts renal tubular effects brought about probably through interaction with calcitonin receptors. To this end, increased excretion of sodium and chloride, and stimulation of urinary flow are less pronounced with CGRP than with calcitonin. Calcitonin, moreover, stimulates the fractional urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate.

Animals

Renal mesangium is a target for calcitonin gene-related peptide.

Rat calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP alpha; EC50, 1 nM) was shown to stimulate cAMP formation in cultured rat renal mesangial cells. CGRP concentration dependently (EC50, 1 nM) also inhibited contraction of mesangial cells by angiotensin II (10 nM). Angiotensin II (10 nM) caused a transient increase of the intracellular calcium concentration from 140 nM to 480 nM in the mesangial cells, but these calcium transients were not altered by CGRP. CGRP (10 nM) decreased vascular resistance in the isolated rat kidney perfused at constant pressure (100 mm Hg; P less than 0.01). The decreased vascular resistance was accompanied by a rise of the glomerular filtration fraction. CGRP, moreover, attenuated the effects of angiotensin II on renal vascular resistance and glomerular filtration (P less than 0.01). In conclusion, CGRP causes relaxation of renal mesangial cells and decreases renal vascular resistance. As a result CGRP raises glomerular filtration and the filtration fraction. The effect may be linked to cyclic AMP formation. Thus, regulation of renal vascular and glomerular function may represent a novel action of CGRP apart from its cardiovascular effects.

Angiotensin II

Distinct hemodynamic and renal effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcitonin in men.

Cardiovascular and renal actions of human calcitonin gene-related peptide II (or beta) (CGRP) and of human calcitonin (CT) infused intravenously for 1 h each (79 and 263 pmol.kg-1.h-1) have been compared in normal men (n = 10 for CGRP, n = 6 for CT and vehicle alone). CGRP lowered diastolic blood pressure by 26% and increased the heart rate by 35% and raised plasma levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine and renin activity (P less than 0.01). The fractional excretion rates (FE) of sodium and chloride were doubled (P less than 0.05-0.01) in the presence of an unaltered glomerular filtration rate. CT, on the other hand, did not affect the diastolic blood pressure, but the stimulation of diuresis and of the FE of sodium and chloride was more pronounced with CT than with CGRP (P less than 0.01). Moreover, CT lowered serum calcium levels and stimulated urinary adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and phosphate excretion (P less than 0.01). In conclusion, the cardiovascular effects of CGRP are contrasted by weaker renal tubular actions of the neuropeptide in relation to CT.

Adult

Trypsinization of bovine parathyroid cells abolishes Ca2+-regulated parathyroid hormone secretion.

The secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is inversely related to the extracellular Ca2+ concentration (Ca2e+). To test the hypothesis that a Ca2+ sensor on the surface of parathyroid cells is involved in Ca2+-regulated PTH secretion, limited trypsinization of bovine parathyroid cells was carried out. Treatment with trypsin (1.1-10 mg/ml) inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, PTH secretion stimulated by lowering Ca2e+ from 2.0 to 0.5 mmol/l. In control cells, activation of protein kinase C with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) enhanced PTH secretion at 2.0 mmol Ca2e+/l but not at 0.5 mmol Ca2e+/l. In trypsinized cells, however, TPA enhanced PTH secretion at both 0.5 and 2.0 mmol Ca2e+/l. Isoproterenol-stimulated PTH secretion was maintained in trypsinized cells, but reduced cyclic AMP production revealed that some beta-adrenergic receptors were destroyed. The cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration (Ca2i+), as measured with fura-2, was raised within seconds in response to increasing Ca2e+ from 0.5 to 2.0 mmol/l and was then lowered within 1 min to a sustained plateau; the changes were the same in trypsinized and control cells. In conclusion, trypsinization of parathyroid cells abolished Ca2+-regulated PTH secretion without affecting Ca2i+.

Animals

Regulation of hormone secretion and cytosolic Ca2+ by extracellular Ca2+ in parathyroid cells and C-cells: role of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels.

The two dihydropyridine enantiomers, (+)202-791 and (-)202-791, that act as voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel agonist and antagonist, respectively, were examined for effects on cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) and on hormones secretion in dispersed bovine parathyroid cells and a rat medullary thyroid carcinoma (rMTC) cell line. In both cell types, small increases in the concentration of extracellular Ca2+ evoked transient followed by sustained increases in [Ca2+]i, as measured with fura-2. Increases in [Ca2+]i obtained by raised extracellular Ca2+ were associated with a stimulation of secretion of calcitonin (CT) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in rMTC cells, but an inhibition of secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in parathyroid cells. The Ca2+ channel agonist (+)202-791 stimulated whereas the antagonist (-)202-791 inhibited both transient and sustained increases in [Ca2+]i induced by extracellular Ca2+ in rMTC cells. Secretion of CT and CGRP was correspondingly enhanced and depressed by (+)202-791 and (-)202-791, respectively. In contrast, neither the agonist nor the antagonist affected [Ca2+]i and PTH secretion in parathyroid cells. Depolarizing concentrations of extracellular K+ increased [Ca2+]i and hormone secretion in rMTC cells and both these responses were potentiated or inhibited by the Ca2+ channel agonist or antagonist, respectively. The results suggest a major role of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ influx in the regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ and hormones secretion in rMTC cells. Parathyroid cells, on the other hand, appear to lack voltage-sensitive Ca2+ influx pathways and regulate PTH secretion by some alternative mechanism.

Animals

Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a stimulator of renin secretion.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) was found to stimulate renin secretion in vivo in normal human volunteers. Moreover, CGRP stimulated the release of renin in vitro from isolated rat renal juxtaglomerular cells (half-maximal effective concentration [EC50] 100 nM) concomitant with stimulation of cAMP production (EC50 60 nM). Immunoreactive CGRP was recognized in rat renal cortical nerve fibers, and intact rat CGRP was identified in extracts of the rat renal cortex. Because CGRP containing sensory nerve fibers are seen in the region of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, it would seem that the release of CGRP from these afferent nerves may be involved in the physiological control of renin secretion.

Animals

Formation of neutralizing antibodies during intranasal synthetic salmon calcitonin treatment of Paget's disease.

Nine patients with Paget's disease were treated with 200 U (15 nmol) synthetic salmon calcitonin (sCT) intranasally (in)/day for 12 months. Five of them had received im or in sCT therapy for 1-4 yr up to 0.5-5 yr before this study. Low titer antibodies to sCT were detected in the serum of three of these five patients, but not in the four patients who had not received prior sCT therapy. After 2 months of in sCT administration, four of the former group, but none of the latter group, had antibodies to sCT. After 12 months of treatment, antibodies to sCT were found in all patients who had received sCT earlier and in three of the four patients who had not. The half-maximal inhibition of [125I]sCT binding ranged from 44-284 pmol/L sCT. In a cultured human breast cancer cell line (T47D) cAMP production was stimulated by sCT (EC50, 70 pmol/L). cAMP production stimulated by sCT (5 pmol/L) was reduced to 6-20% of the control value in the presence of serum from patients which inhibited [125I]sCT binding by more than 50% in a dilution of 1:50 or greater. In patients with lower titer antibodies cAMP production was not inhibited. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was transiently lowered to 79 +/- 6% (+/- SE) of basal levels in the patients who had earlier received sCT (P greater than 0.1), while sustained reduction to between 66 +/- 2% and 84 +/- 6% of basal levels (P less than 0.05) occurred in the patients who had not been treated with sCT previously. In conclusion, reexposure to sCT of five patients with Paget's disease caused secondary antibody responses and clinical resistance.

Administration, Intranasal

Calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcitonin secretion from a human medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line: effects of ionomycin, phorbol ester and forskolin.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and calcitonin are secreted together from medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) cells. Interactions of cytosolic free calcium concentration (Cai2+) and the protein kinase C and A pathways on the secretion of immunoreactive CGRP and calcitonin have been investigated in a human MTC cell line. Ionomycin (10 mumol/l) raised the concentration of Cai2+, concomitant with a transient stimulation of the secretion of CGRP and calcitonin. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA; 16 nmol/l) did not affect the concentration of Cai2+, but caused a gradual rise of the secretion of CGRP and calcitonin. Combined addition of 10 mumol ionomycin/l and 16 nmol TPA/l resulted in additive stimulation of CGRP and calcitonin secretory responses. Forskolin (10 mumol/l) alone did not change the concentration of Cai2+, marginally enhanced (P greater than 0.1) the release of CGRP and calcitonin and increased by 23-fold the cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Ionomycin and TPA did not change cellular cAMP. Forskolin synergistically enhanced (P less than 0.01) the ionomycin-induced early phase as well as the TPA-induced late phase of the CGRP and calcitonin secretory responses. In conclusion, increased concentrations of Cai2+ together with protein kinase C and A activation mediate the secretion of CGRP and calcitonin in MTC cells.

Calcitonin

Role of cytosolic free calcium concentration in the secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide and calcitonin from medullary thyroid carcinoma cells.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and calcitonin (CT) are secreted by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Relationships between extracellular calcium ([Ca2+]e), cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) (as measured with fura-2), and secretion of immunoreactive CGRP and CT have been investigated in rat and human MTC cell lines. Rat MTC 6-23 cells responded to a rise in [Ca2+]e from 0.5 to 3.0 mM with a transient increase of [Ca2+]i, and the secretion of CGRP and CT was raised from 19 +/- 2 (mean +/- SE) to 122 +/- 28 pg rat CGRP/mg protein . min and from 33 +/- 8 to 155 +/- 42 pg rat CT/mg protein . min (P less than 0.01). In the human MTC (TT) cell line, a rise of [Ca2+]e from 0.5 to 3.0 mM did not affect [Ca2+]i, and the secretion of CGRP and CT remained unchanged at 7.0 +/- 1.1 ng CGRP/mg protein . min and 1.0 +/- 0.1 ng CT/mg protein . min. However, when the plasma membrane was bypassed by electropermeabilization, the release of CGRP and CT was stimulated by calcium with an ED50 of 0.5 microM and 0.3 microM, respectively. With ionomycin, the secretion of CGRP and CT was also stimulated up to 17-fold in [Ca2+]i-dependent manner. The results indicate a role of [Ca2+]i in the secretion of CGRP and CT and provide evidence for a defect in Ca2+ signal transduction in the human MTC cell line.

Animals

Parathyroid hormone secretion does not respond to changes of free calcium in electropermeabilized bovine parathyroid cells, but is stimulated with phorbol ester and cyclic AMP.

The secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is suppressed in bovine parathyroid cells by raised extracellular [Ca2+], and 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulates the release of PTH from cells suppressed by high extracellular [Ca2+]. Extracellular and cytosolic free [Ca2+] are proportionally related in intact cells. To assess the role of cytosolic free [Ca2+] on PTH secretion, bovine parathyroid cells were rendered permeable by brief exposure to an intense electric field. PTH secretion was comparable at 40 nM, 500 nM, 5 microM, 28 microM, 0.5 mM and 2 mM [Ca2+] (release of total cellular PTH 3.7 +/- 0.5%, 3.9 +/- 0.4%, 3.4% +/- 0.3%, 3.9 +/- 0.4%, 3.1 +/- 0.3%, 3.5 +/- 0.7%, respectively), but the secretion was stimulated twofold (P less than 0.05 vs. control) in a dose and ATP dependent manner with TPA (100 nM) and cyclic AMP (1 mM). As a result, free [Ca2+] in the range of those observed in intact cells during regulation of PTH secretion by changes of extracellular [Ca2+] did not affect the release of PTH in permeabilized cells. The [Ca2+] independent stimulation of PTH release by TPA and cyclic AMP indicates that changes of cytosolic free [Ca2+] may represent a secondary event not related to the regulation of PTH secretion.

Adenosine Triphosphate

Stimulation of parathyroid hormone secretion by phorbol esters is associated with a decrease of cytosolic calcium.

Unlike in other endocrine systems calcium inhibits parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and this inhibition is paralleled by a rise of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca]i). Because of evidence that diglyceride levels and protein kinase C activity are also decreased by high extracellular calcium we have investigated the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C, on [Ca]i and PTH secretion using dispersed bovine parathyroid cells. At 1.5 mM medium calcium TPA enhanced PTH secretion and caused reduction of [Ca]i from 639 +/- 36 nM (SE) to 335 +/- 21 nM (P less than 0.001); at 0.5 mM calcium TPA was ineffective. Moreover, TPA suppressed the rise of [Ca]i evoked by high extracellular calcium. Thus TPA presumably stimulates PTH secretion via activation of protein kinase C, and the lowering of [Ca]i may TPA presumably stimulates PTH secretion via activation of protein kinase C, and the lowering of [Ca]i may be a secondary event related to diglyceride availability.

Animals