Biomedical subjects

R N Aguillard

Publications and source records attributed to R N Aguillard.

9 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

Relaxation and sleep compression for late-life insomnia: a placebo-controlled trial.

Older adults with insomnia were recruited from the community and randomized to treatments: relaxation, sleep compression, and placebo desensitization. Questionnaire data collected at baseline, posttreatment, and 1-year follow-up and polysomnography data collected at baseline and follow-up yielded the following conclusions: All treatments improved self-reported sleep, but objective sleep was unchanged. Clinical significance analyses yielded the strongest findings supporting the active treatments and suggested that sleep compression was most effective. Results partially supported the conclusion that individuals with high daytime impairment (i.e., fatigue) respond best to treatments that extend sleep, as in relaxation, and individuals with low daytime impairment respond best to treatments that consolidate sleep, as in sleep compression. Strong methodological features including a placebo condition and a treatment implementation scheme elevate the confidence due these findings.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Occult sleep apnea in a recruited sample of older adults with insomnia.

Although costly polysomnography (PSG) is not routinely performed with people with insomnia, it may be more necessary with recruited older adults with insomnia because this population may pose a greater risk of veiled sleep disorders compared with younger age groups and with referred samples. The present PSG screening of a recruited sample of older adults with insomnia found a 29%-43% rate of undiagnosed sleep apnea (SA), depending on whether an apnea-hypopnea index of 15 or 5 was used, after interviews had already screened out obvious cases of SA. Also, PSGs revealed a 4% rate of occult periodic limb movements. A discriminant analysis identified overweight men reporting dry mouth at highest risk for occult SA, with an apnea-versus-insomnia classification success rate of 78%. Using PSG evaluations in research on insomnia in recruited older adults is requisite to preclude substantial representation of occult SA.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Relaxation to assist sleep medication withdrawal.

This study explores the usefulness of relaxation and gradual medication withdrawal in weaning insomniacs from sleep (hypnotic) medication. We recruited 40 volunteers from the community who had insomnia, half of whom were chronic users of hypnotics while the other half were nonmedicated. Half of all participants (10 medicated and 10 nonmedicated) received progressive relaxation. All medicated participants received a standard gradual drug withdrawal program. Medicated participants reduced sleep medication consumption by nearly 80%. Participants who received relaxation obtained additional benefits in sleep efficiency, rated quality of sleep, and reduced withdrawal symptoms. Medicated and nonmedicated participants attained comparable, improved sleep by posttreatment and follow-up. Hypnotic withdrawal was accompanied by serious worsening of insomnia, but this dissipated by the end of the withdrawal period. The psychological treatment of hypnotic-dependent insomnia has high potential for making an important clinical contribution.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Daytime functioning in obstructive sleep apnea patients: exercise tolerance, subjective fatigue, and sleepiness.

A sample of 32 obstructive sleep apnea patients (27 males, 5 females) was assessed with overnight polysomnography and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), an objective measure of daytime sleepiness. Patients also participated in a maximal exercise test, which served as an objective indicator of physical fatigue. The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) was used as a subjective measure of fatigue. Subjective fatigue ratings were significantly correlated with percent of predicted maximum heart rate achieved during exercise testing, suggesting that self-reported fatigue in apnea patients may refer to reduced physical fitness. FSS scores and exercise testing results were not significantly correlated with the MSLT, indicating that daytime fatigue and daytime sleepiness are independent problems in apnea patients. Participants self-reported a high level of fatigue, and exercise testing revealed decreased physical work capacity among apnea patients, but objective and subjective indicators of fatigue were not significantly correlated with apnea severity. A higher percentage of REM sleep predicted greater work capacity.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

A comparison of the efficacy of stimulus control for medicated and nonmedicated insomniacs.

A sample of 21 medicated and 20 nonmedicated insomniacs participated in a sleep medication withdrawal program that provided education about sleep medication and a gradual medication withdrawal schedule. Ten medicated participants received stimulus control treatment and the withdrawal program, and 11 medicated participants served as a control group that received only the withdrawal program. Half of the nonmedicated participants received stimulus control, and the remaining nonmedicated participants served as a wait-list control condition. Medicated participants significantly reduced sleep medication use without significant deterioration on sleep, anxiety, or depression measures from baseline to 8-week follow-up. Stimulus control participants, unlike control group participants, showed significant improvement at follow-up for total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and sleep quality. Stimulus control participants also reported less daytime sleepiness than control participants after treatment. Nonmedicated participants exhibited a more positive response to stimulus control than medicated participants.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Fatigue and sleep disorders.

Fatigue has often been confused with sleepiness and has received little study as an independent symptom of sleep disturbance. To investigate if fatigue is a common and severe symptom in sleep disordered individuals, the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) was administered to 206 patients over a 12-month period at a sleep disorder center. Our sample averaged 4.8 on the 7-point FSS, which is in the severe fatigue range. High fatigue was present in a broad range of sleep disorders, but was particularly high among individuals diagnosed with psychophysiological insomnia. A number of variables predicted fatigue (being female, being a smoker, high BMI, low sleep efficiency percent, and high MMPI average clinical scale score), but surprisingly daytime sleepiness (as measured by the multiple sleep latency test) did not. Apparently, daytime sleepiness and perceived fatigue are independent phenomena. We discussed the importance of attributing credence to the complaint of fatigue and suggested some areas for future study including further study of fatigue in insomnia, expanded consideration of sleep variables causing fatigue, and testing objective measures of fatigue.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Intensity pattern of snoring sounds as a predictor for sleep-disordered breathing.

The relationship between a new operational definition of sleep sounds and apnea was examined in a population of 69 patients referred for overnight evaluations in a sleep disorders center. The sample contained 18 women (mean age 53.6 years) and 51 men (mean age 48.4 years). Subjects underwent polysomnography (PSG) with concurrent graphical recording of sleep sound intensities throughout the night. An acoustical signature event (ASE) was defined as a loud sound preceded by at least 10 but no more than 90 seconds of silence. Multiple regression was performed using known correlates of apnea and ASE to predict PSG levels of respiratory disturbance. Of the commonly known correlates, only self-reported estimate of snoring and apnea severity explained significant variance to the respiratory disturbance index (RDI; R2 = 0.24, p < 0.0001). ASE was entered into the equation as the last step, significantly improving explained variance (R2delta = 0.54, p < 0.0001). The final equation R2 was 78% (p < 0.0001). An alternative analysis compared ASE findings to polysomnographic findings in each matched 30-second interval (60,231 observations) in an analysis of receiver's operating characteristics. This analysis resulted in d' = 2.67, indicating acceptable accuracy for screening.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Daytime sleepiness in insomnia: behavioral, biological and subjective indices.

We compared three measures of daytime sleepiness, sleep behavior (as measured by the multiple sleep latency test), a biological index of sleepiness (pupillometry) and subjective sleepiness (as measured by the Stanford Sleepiness Scale), in evaluating middle-aged individuals with psychophysiological insomnia (n = 20) or no sleep problem (n = 20). Subjects underwent polysomnography (PSG) and four multiple sleep latency test/pupillometry trials the following day. The results determined that neither behavioral, biological nor subjective indices distinguished these two groups. Differentiating the insomniacs into true insomniac (n = 14) and normal sleeping insomniac (insomniacs with sleep efficiency greater than 90%, n = 6) subgroups based upon PSG did not improve daytime discriminations. Furthermore, nighttime sleep experience, measured by either PSG or self-report, was not a strong predictor of these daytime indices among either insomniacs or noninsomniacs. The results of this study support the conclusions that insomniacs do not exhibit heightened levels of daytime sleepiness and that routine fluctuations in sleep exert minimal influence on daytime sleepiness among insomniacs and noninsomniacs. The former finding is likely due either to insomniacs satisfying their biological sleep need despite poor sleep or chronic physiological hyperarousal preventing both sleep and sleepiness.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Bedside percutaneous tracheostomy: experience with 55 elective procedures.

Over a 24-month period, tracheostomy was performed in 55 patients using a percutaneous, wire-guided, dilatational technique. All such procedures were undertaken at the patient's bedside in the intensive care unit, with the patient under local anesthesia and mechanically ventilated through an oral endotracheal tube. A variety of wire-guides, dilators, and tracheal tubes were used as experience and proficiency were gained with the approach, and eventually, a simple modification of a standard low-pressure cuffed endotracheal tube was found to facilitate the procedure. The percutaneous method was found to be rapid and simple, to leave almost no cosmetic deformity, and to be almost totally free from infectious complications. This technique should be considered for routine use in critically ill, ventilator-dependent patients.

Adolescent↗