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Biomedical subjects

R Nil

Publications and source records attributed to R Nil.

36 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Effects of smoking deprivation on smoking behavior and heart rate response in high and low CO absorbing smokers.

Short-term deprivation effects on smoking-induced heart rate response and smoking behavior were compared in consistently high and low CO absorbing smokers, suggested to depend differentially on smoking and/or nicotine. The subjects came to the laboratory for two afternoon sessions and smoked at 1 p.m. and at 5 p.m. both after previous free smoking and following afternoon or overnight-morning deprivation. Overnight-morning deprivation decreased presmoking heart rate in both groups similarly, but it increased heart rate response to smoking more in the high than low CO absorbers. Single cigarette tidal CO boosts concomitantly decreased in the high CO absorbers and remained at the habitually low level among the low CO absorbers. Afternoon deprivation had no effects on presmoking heart rate, presmoking tidal CO concentration and tidal CO boost, but increased the heart rate response to smoking in the high CO absorbers. Smoking need and satisfaction as well as puff volume and duration tended to increase after both deprivations slightly more among the high than low CO absorbers. These results are discussed in terms of a differential development of acute tolerance to nicotine in the two groups of smokers which dissipates during smoking abstinence periods.

Absorption↗
PubMed1987

Psychophysiological reactivity and speech behavior during the Structured Type A Interview and a self-disclosure monologue.

Speech characteristics and the simultaneously recorded psychophysiological reactivity were compared between two tape-recorded speech tests, the Structured Type A Interview (SI) and a standardized 'self-disclosure' monologue (SD) as a non-social speech test. The SD started with a 5-min mental preparation interval followed by 3 subsequent self-reports each lasting 1.5 min. The 26 students used as subjects showed in all cardiovascular parameters (interbeat interval, pulse transit time to the earlobe, finger plethysmographic amplitudes and blood pressure) strong and similar reactivity to both tests. The individual rankings of physiological reactivity turned out to be remarkably constant over all experimental periods, but this reactivity was neither correlated with the Type A scores nor with sex. Modest correlations between the SI and SD test were obtained for word rate, expiratory sighs, and silent latent pauses. Thereby, some speech variables tended to be affected by the Type A behavior, and, to a somewhat stronger extent, by sex. The desirability of a non-social speech test for assessing Type A behavior is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Rapid information processing and concomitant event-related brain potentials in smokers differing in CO absorption.

The present study relates subject-paced rapid information processing to different components of event-related brain potentials in an attempt to gain more information about changes in mental performance in relation to alveolar smoke absorption as assessed by expired air CO measurement. The task consisted in the presentation of pseudorandom sequences of single digits, and the subjects had to respond to each sequence of three odd or three even digits. The triplets evoked a typical late negativity in the event-related potential between the second and third digit as well as a P300 component following the third digit. In 21 smokers, task performance, event-related potentials and tidal air CO concentration were measured before and after smoking a cigarette. The results revealed increases in performance and P300 magnitude from pre- to postsmoking which were unaffected by the amount of CO absorption. A differential trend was seen, however, with the late negativity, which increased from pre- to postsmoking only in subjects with a large amount of CO absorption. The results support the assumption of the distraction arousal model used as an interpretation of these effects on contingent negative variation and suggest that high CO absorbing smokers possibly depend more on neuropharmacological effects of smoking than smokers with a low amount of CO absorption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Psychophysiological reactivity in type A and B women during a rapid information processing task.

Type A and Type B women assessed by a newly developed German questionnaire 'need for control' (NC) were compared with respect to time-pressured information processing performance and to simultaneously recorded psychophysiological reactivity. The task was computer controlled, monetarily reinforced and subject paced. The physiological measurements included the cardiovascular parameters, ECG and finger plethysmographic amplitudes and the noncardiovascular parameters, EMG (frontal muscle), skin conductance reactivity, and respiration. NC-Type A and Type B women did not differ in performance, but the Type As showed stronger vasoconstrictive responses to the task than did the Type Bs. Other physiological intergroup differences were not seen. In addition, the Type As scored significantly higher in nervousness and irritability and marginally higher in depression, reactive aggressivity and neuroticism than did the Type Bs. This particular pattern of NC-Type A/B differences is discussed with regard to relevant differences observed by other studies between SI and JAS Type As and Bs.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Psychophysiological reactivity in relation to type A behavior].

This relationship was examined in 77 healthy men. Stress reactivity in the 26 Type A was not more increased than in the 12 Type B men for the cardiovascular variables (heart rate, pulse transit time, finger vasoconstriction and blood pressure), but for body movement, EMG, respiration frequency. Body movement and EMG were the best predictable physiological variables for the Type A behavior pattern, and this mainly in the two speech tests.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of different cigarette smoke yields on puffing and inhalation: is the measurement of inhalation volumes relevant for smoke absorption?

Puffing patterns (number of puffs, puff volume, puff duration, puff interval, peak pressure, peak flow, peak latency), respiratory smoke inhalation (postpuff inspiratory latency, volume and time and postpuff expiratory volume and time), and the pre- to postsmoking boost of tidal air CO concentration were analyzed in 117 regular smokers. They smoked both a cigarette of the habitual brand and a second cigarette of a brand with about 40 to 50% lower machine standard smoke yields and the most similar taste quality. The pre- to postsmoking CO boost remained unrelated to the smoke deliveries of the cigarettes in both comparisons (interindividual and switching). Estimated mouth intake of nicotine was strongly dependent on the smoke yield variables of the cigarettes but remained uncorrelated with CO absorption. The discrepancy between mouth smoke intake and alveolar smoke absorption could not be explained by the volumes or durations of the postpuff respiratory cycle. Multiple regression analyses suggested differential modes of control for the daily number of cigarettes smoked, for the patterns of puffing, for respiratory inhalation, and finally for alveolar CO absorption. The results are discussed in relation to the dynamics of puffing and inhalation and their possible relevance for tobacco-related diseases.

Absorption↗
PubMed1986

Smoking behaviour and personality patterns of smokers with low and high CO absorption.

The present experiment describes an attempt to select differentially nicotine dependent smokers by means of an objective and non-invasive measure of cigarette smoke CO absorption. Toward this goal the differences in expiratory tidal air CO concentration before and after smoking a single cigarette (tidal CO boost) were measured in three experimental sessions. The selection criteria were tidal CO boosts greater than 3.5 p.p.m. and less than 1 p.p.m. According to these criteria 19 out of 171 subjects were consistently found to be high CO absorbers and 20 were found to be low CO absorbers. Puffing behaviour was measured throughout all three test sessions by the flowmeter method and respiratory inhalation by thorax impedance plethysmography. In addition, heart rate was continuously measured during smoking. These data were used to assess for specific differences between the two extremes of inhalation behaviour. High CO absorbers differed from low CO absorbers by more intensive patterns of puffing and respiratory inhalation, by higher daily cigarette and coffee consumption, by lower alcohol consumption, by shorter latencies to the first cigarette in the morning, by greater subjective need for smoking and by lower scores for healthy eating habits. No intergroup differences were observed for smoking induced heart rate acceleration. The high CO absorbers were significantly older than the low CO absorbers; however, no evidence was found that any of the differences in smoking style between the two extremes might be related to their difference in age. No differences were seen in cigarette strengths, in personality or in coronary prone behaviour as assessed by means of standardized questionnaires in all subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Absorption↗
PubMed1985

Development of puffing behavior along burning time of a cigarette--no relation to alveolar inhalation or nicotine delivery of the cigarettes?

The curves of the cumulative smoke volumes (CSV), as determined by the number of puffs, the puff intervals, the single puff durations, and puff volumes, of 108 nondeprived smokers who smoked two personal brand cigarettes revealed statistically distinct clusters. Pronounced nonlinear increases in the puff intervals and modest decreases in the puff volumes were seen generally, but they varied in extent between clusters as did the number of puffs and estimated mouth intake of nicotine. Most clusters (representing 80% of the smokers) did not deviate significantly from a linear development of the CSV curves, and those that did were characterized by particularly short puff intervals. Most of the subjects moved from the first to the second cigarette into clusters of similar shapes. However, none of these conclusions showed any relation either to the nicotine yield of the cigarettes or to the pre-to postsmoking delta tidal CO. It was therefore concluded that the sensory consequences of the physicochemical changes in smoke composition between the first and last puff or other as yet unknown psychological factors are more likely candidates than nicotine satiation for explaining the typical changes in puffing behavior along burning time of a cigarette.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effects of single doses of alcohol and caffeine on cigarette smoke puffing behavior.

Puffing behavior (number of puffs, puff duration, puff volume, peak pressure, peak flow, peak latency, and puff interval) and pre- to postsmoking delta tidal CO difference were measured in female subjects in order to assess separate and combined effects of ethanol and caffeine. The subjects smoked two cigarettes of their habitual brand in a preliminary familiarizing session and in each of the subsequent four test sessions. The treatments administered after smoking the first cigarette in the test sessions were: alcohol placebo and caffeine placebo; alcohol placebo and caffeine; alcohol and caffeine placebo; alcohol and caffeine. Test-retest reliability across the first cigarette of each session (which was not smoked under the influence of the treatments) was remarkably high for all the puffing parameters. Ethanol in the dose of 0.7 g/kg intensified cigarette smoking of the second cigarette by increasing delta tidal CO, average puff volume, and total puff volume per cigarette, whereas 0.5 g/kg ethanol and 5 mg/kg caffeine given alone or combined with ethanol failed to influence puffing behavior consistently.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Smoke yield of cigarettes and puffing behavior in men and women.

Puffing behavior (number of puffs, puff interval, puff duration, peak pressure, latency to peak pressure, average and total puff volume) was measured in 67 dependent male and 43 dependent female smokers when they smoked two cigarettes of their habitual brand under laboratory conditions. Test-retest reliability for the two cigarettes was high, and factor analysis showed that puff shape, puff volume, and puff frequency accounted for about 50% of variation obtained with the different puffing variables. Expiratory tidal CO levels increased with the number of cigarettes smoked before the tests and with the intensity of the smoking habit, but pre- to postsmoking delta tidal CO differences were similar for smokers of all types of cigarettes (0.1 - 1.7 mg standard machine smoking nicotine yield). Volume compensation for differences of smoke yield of the cigarettes was generally more pronounced in women than in men and, additionally, it was more pronounced for cigarettes with standard smoke nicotine yield below 0.9 mg than for cigarettes with standard smoke nicotine yield above 0.9 mg for both sexes. Only for women, partial correlation procedures suggested that nicotine might be more important in determining puffing behavior than CO and condensate yield, but there were also no women smoking the strongest cigarettes (1.3 - 1.7 mg nicotine yield). For both sexes, no compensation by adjusting the number of cigarettes smoked daily was obtained. Personality ratings, pulmonary functions, and cardiovascular functions were not, or only inconsistently, correlated with puffing behavior or type of cigarette.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Effects of ethyl alcohol and caffeine on the intensity of cigarette smoking].

Cigarette puffing behavior and depth of inhalation (expired CO) were compared after ethanol, caffeine and placebo treatments. Ethanol in the dose of 0.7 g/kg intensified smoking, enhancing CO-uptake, puff volume per cigarette and average puff volume. Neither ethanol in the dose of 0.5 g/kg nor caffeine in the dose of 5 mg/kg influenced cigarette smoking behavior.

Caffeine↗
PubMed1981

[Analysis of smoking behavior in cigarette smokers].

Cigarette puffing behavior and depth of inhalation (expired CO) were measured in 110 non successful abstainers when smoking their habitual brand. CO-uptake was similar for smokers for all types of cigarettes (0.1-1.7 mg nicotine yield).

Carbon Monoxide↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The contributions of cigarette yield, consumption, inhalation and puffing behaviour to the prediction of smoke exposure.

The overall predictability of smoke exposure indicators and the importance of different influencing factors were assessed in a cross-sectional study (n = 144), using multiple linear regression and bivariate correlation analyses. Respiratory CO, and plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations were measured before and after smoking, for lip or holder smoking, and natural or standardized (30 puffs) puffing. The prediction of smoke exposure measures varied considerably across sampling times, smoking conditions, and dependent variables. The variance of plasma cotinine and nicotine were predictable to a considerable extent (30%; 19-41%) by cigarette yield, consumption and self-reported inhalation, whereas respiratory CO was less predictable (15-27%). Generally, consumption was the most important predictor, surpassed by nicotine yield for post-smoking plasma nicotine. Smoke exposure from a single smoking period could be predicted to a variable degree (CO, 11-42%; nicotine, 33-54%) by a subset of smoker's sex, cigarette yield, self-reported inhalation and puffing characteristics. The highest prediction was found under standardized smoking conditions (30 puffs through a holder), the lowest under natural smoking conditions. The best subset of predictors, especially with respect to puffing parameters, was found to vary considerably across smoking conditions and dependent variables.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of sleep deprivation on neuroendocrine response to a serotonergic probe in healthy male subjects.

Neuroendocrine responses to stimulation with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (citalopram) were measured to investigate the effects of all-night sleep deprivation on serotonergic function in healthy male subjects (n = 7). We studied citalopram-stimulated prolactin and cortisol plasma concentrations in a placebo-controlled cross-over protocol following sleep and sleep deprivation. Citalopram infusion (20 mg i.v. at 14:20-14:50 h) after a night of undisturbed sleep prompted robust increases in both plasma prolactin and cortisol concentrations. Following a night of sleep deprivation, by contrast, the citalopram-induced prolactin response was blunted, but the cortisol response was not significantly altered. This differential response pattern relates to the distinct pathways through which serotonin may activate the corticotrophic and the lactotrophic systems. While an unchanged cortisol response does not indicate (but also does not refute the possibility of) an altered serotonergic responsivity following sleep deprivation, the suppressed prolactin response could reflect a downregulation of 5-HT1A or 2 receptors. An alternative, not mutually exclusive, explanation points to the possibility that sleep deprivation activates the tubuloinfundibular dopaminergic system, the final inhibitory pathway of prolactin regulation.

Adult↗