Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome--an overview of development and treatment of a case, using hypnotherapy, haloperidol, and psychotherapy.
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Biomedical subjects
R O Clements
Publications and source records attributed to R O Clements.
Observing responses and informative stimuli.
Pigeons were trained on a trial procedure. A trial began with the illumination of a pecking key by a white light. After a fixed interval, a key peck could turn the key to one of two equi-probable colors and produce a delayed trial outcome-an equi-probable occurrence of either reinforcement or nonreinforcement. After a trial, the key turned dark and the trial ended. The response could be made into an observing response by correlating the key colors with the outcomes. Response rates in the fixed interval then increased to a level greater than when the colors and outcomes were uncorrelated. In another phase, the response produced only the colors. The trial outcomes occurred some seconds after the fixed interval without a response being required. Correlating the colors with the outcomes again increased response rates. In a second experiment, a further condition was added in which reinforcement was the outcome on every trial. Response rates were lower than when there were equi-probable reinforcement and nonreinforcement outcomes with correlated colors, and about the same as when there were equi-probable outcomes with uncorrelated colors. The results suggest that stimuli providing information about the probability of reinforcement are themselves reinforcing.
Journal Article↗
The role of information in the emission of observing responses: a test of two hypotheses.
Pigeons were trained on a trial procedure in a Skinner box. Each trial began with a fixed-interval schedule. Responding on this schedule produced a stimulus and a delayed trial outcome. The stimulus signalled whether the forthcoming outcome was reinforcement or nonreinforcement. Thus, the response was an observing response. When reinforcement was the outcome on 20% of the trials, response rates in the fixed interval were higher than when reinforcement was the outcome on 80% of the trials. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that observing responses are reinforced by the information associated with the stimulus signalling reinforcement. The result seems inconsistent with the hypothesis that observing responses are also reinforced by the information associated with the stimulus signalling nonreinforcement.
Journal Article↗
Behavioral contrast as a function of the duration of an immediately preceding period of extinction.
For four pigeons key-peck responding was reinforced on a variable-interval reinforcement schedule in the presence of a vertical white line. When response rates had stabilized a horizontal white line was introduced, in the presence of which reinforcement was not available (extinction). The horizontal line was presented once per session, immediately before the vertical line was presented. The duration of the horizontal line varied randomly from session to session, being either 0 sec (i.e., no presentation), 10 sec, 30 sec, 2 min, 10 min, 40 min, or 120 min. When the horizontal line was present for more than 0 sec, behavioral contrast was obtained in the presence of the following vertical line. Contrast increased with increasing durations of the horizontal line, asymptoting when the horizontal line was present for 40 min.
Journal Article↗