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Biomedical subjects

R P Gildersleeve

Publications and source records attributed to R P Gildersleeve.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Research note: in ovo administration of a competitive exclusion culture treatment to broiler embryos.

Exposure of chicks to salmonellae in the hatchery and hatchery environment limits the effectiveness of a competitive exclusion (CE) culture treatment. Therefore, in an attempt to apply treatment before chicks are exposed to salmonellae, the CE culture was introduced in ovo to unhatched embryos. An undefined, anaerobically grown CE culture, derived from cecal contents of healthy adult chickens, was diluted 1:1,000 or 1:1,000,000 and inoculated either into the air cell or beneath the inner air cell membrane of 17-day-old incubating hatching eggs. The treated chicks were more resistant than untreated chicks to varying challenge levels of Salmonella typhimurium, indicating that it may be possible to initiate protection of chicks to salmonellae challenge prior to hatching into a contaminated environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Hematological indices of turkey embryos incubated at high altitude as affected by oxygen and shell permeability.

Turkey eggs (Meleagris gallopavo) were incubated at an altitude of 1,707 m to test the effects of oxygen supplementation and increased eggshell permeability by removal of shell cuticle on embryonic hematology. Turkey embryo hematological indices measured were red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean cellular volume, mean cellular hemoglobin, and percentage of reticulocytes. Although hemoglobin concentration measured during pipping increased as expected by increasing RBC, no significant differences were observed between oxygenation, or permeability treatments, or their interaction. Under the high altitude conditions of the present experiment, increased hemoglobin concentrations in all treatments corresponded to increased numbers of erythrocytes with constant mean cellular hemoglobin. None of the remaining hematological indices examined was affected by oxygen or permeability treatments. It was concluded that turkey embryos incubating at 1,707-m elevation make no additional changes in hemoglobin concentrations during the plateau stage in oxygen consumption (25, 26, and 27 days of incubation) when exposed to increased oxygen tension (151 mm Hg versus 135 mm Hg) or increased eggshell permeability (19.9 mg H2O/day per mm Hg versus 23.2 mg H2O/day per mm Hg).

Altitude↗
PubMed1989

Exposure of Japanese quail embryos to o,p'-DDT has long-term effects on reproductive behaviors, hematology, and feather morphology.

Japanese quail eggs were injected with 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane o,p'-DDT(1-10 mg),1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane p,p'-DDT (1-10 mg), or, in one study, 0.5 mg chlordecone dissolved in 50 microliters of corn oil on day 1 of incubation. Hatchability was not decreased by o,p'-DDT or p,p'-DDT, as compared to corn-oil-injected controls, but was reduced in progeny of parents injected in ovo with either isomer. Tremor was observed for up to 4 days posthatching only in birds injected with 1.75-10 mg p,p'-DDT or chlordecone. Survivability to 5 weeks posthatch was reduced (less than or equal to 50%) in birds injected in ovo with 6.25-7.5 mg, o,p'-DDT or 1.75-5 mg p,p'-DDT as compared to corn oil (96%). Reproductive behaviors were attenuated in birds injected during development with o,p'-DDT, both DDT isomers decreased the total number of ovipositions, and o,p'-DDT increased the total number of eggshell malformations. Neither body weights nor reproductive organ weights at 12 weeks were affected by injection of either isomer. Exposure to DDT did not affect acquisition of a matched-to-sample food-reinforced response or subsequent responding on a random interval schedule of reinforcement. In another experiment, total circulating erythrocyte numbers were reduced in females after injection in ovo with o,p'-DDT but not after injection with p,p'-DDT. A primary humoral immune response was not affected by in ovo exposure to either isomer of DDT. In ovo exposure to o,p'-DDT but not to p,p'-DDT had long-term and estrogen-like effects on behavior and hematology in Japanese quail. Posthatch primary feather morphology was also altered by embryonic exposure to o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, and chlordecone.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effects of nonionizing radiation on birds.

1. With the ability to fly comes a greater probability of direct irradiation by nonionizing radiation. The effect of nonionizing radiation on birds is, therefore, of environmental significance. 2. Most biological effects of exposure to nonionizing radiation in avian species are a result of radiation-induced temperature increases. 3. The incubating avian egg provides a model to study nonthermal effects of microwave exposure since ambient incubation temperature can be adjusted to compensate for absorbed thermal energy. 4. Some studies have shown that exposure to nonthermal levels of nonionizing radiation affect a bird's ability to recover from acute physiological stressors. 5. Although earlier research indicated that modulated radiofrequency radiation increased calcium-ion efflux in chick forebrain tissue, criticism of experimental techniques and contradictory results between related studies have made final conclusions elusive. 6. Birds have been shown to be able to reliably detect magnetic fields in both the field and laboratory. Some researchers have reported malformations in chicken embryos exposed to a sinusoidal bipolar oscillating magnetic field.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Serum enzymes in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation during embryogeny.

1. Japanese quail eggs were exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 and a specific absorption rate of 4.03 mW/g during the first 12 days of embryogeny. 2. After hatching, serum biochemical changes in response to hemorrhagic stress were measured following a hemorrhage of 30% of the calculated total blood volume. 3. Lactate dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, glucose and protein were not affected by microwave irradiation during embryogeny either before or after hemorrhage. 4. Microwave irradiation in ovo affected the response of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity to hemorrhagic stress in Japanese quail.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1988

Plasma corticosterone in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in ovo.

1. Sexually immature male and female Japanese quail were divided within each sex into three treatment groups: hemorrhaged by jugular puncture; immobilized for 2 min, but not hemorrhaged (shams); and neither immobilized nor hemorrhaged (controls). 2. Hemorrhage resulted in increased plasma corticosterone levels in both sexes. Corticosterone levels in shams were higher than in controls. 3. In another experiment, Japanese quail eggs were irradiated during incubation with 2.45 GHz CW microwave radiation. Nonirradiated eggs were incubated under identical conditions without irradiation. After hatching, juvenile males and females were hemorrhaged. 4. After hemorrhage, irradiated males had higher plasma corticosterone levels than nonirradiated males. No effect of irradiation on females was found. 5. The results of these two experiments indicate that male quail respond to blood loss with increased adrenocortical activity and that this response is modified in male quail after irradiation with microwaves during embryogeny.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Hematological effects of ethyl methanesulfonate, paraquat and phenylhydrazine in Japanese quail.

1. Juvenile Coturnix coturnix japonica males were injected intravenously with 2, 20 or 200 mg ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)/kg body wt; 0.2, 2 or 20 mg paraquat (PARA)/kg body wt; or 0.6, 6 or 60 mg phenylhydrazine (PHZ)/kg body wt; and hematologic variables were measured at 0 (non-injected), 24 and 72 hr post-injection. 2. EMS, PARA and PHZ-induced hemolytic anemia began within 24 hr post-injection. 3. Recovery from anemia began within 72 hr post-injection of EMS or PARA, but PHZ injected quail continued to show a marked anemia at that time. 4. EMS and PARA induced lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia and heterophilia, while PHZ induced lymphocytosis, monocytopenia and heteropenia after injection. 5. These results suggest that the anemia induced by EMS and PARA was dissimilar from that induced by PHZ, that all chemicals affected leukopoiesis and that Japanese quail can mount a marked recovery from the hematologic affects of PARA, a widely used herbicide, in a short interval after intoxication.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed1987

Reproduction of Japanese quail after microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz CW) during embryogeny.

Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos were irradiated continuously in ovo with 2.45-GHz continuous wave radiation during the first 12 days of embryogenesis at an incident power of 5 mW/cm2 and a specific absorption rate of 4.03 mW/g. The internal temperature of irradiated and nonirradiated (sham) eggs was 37.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C, which is the optimum temperature for incubating quail eggs. At 35 days after hatching irradiated and sham-irradiated males were paired with irradiated or sham-irradiated females and daily records of reproductive performance were collected through 224 days of age. Progeny were hatched from each of the male-female pairs, and progeny reproductive performance was measured from 35 through 168 days of age. Hatchability was not affected by irradiation during embryogeny. Mortality after hatching, egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability of eggs produced, and reproductive performance of the progeny were not affected by irradiation during embryogeny. These observations indicate that irradiation of quail embryos with low-level microwave radiation does not affect the reproductive capacity of the hatchlings or of progeny produced from quail irradiated during incubation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Leukocyte numbers in hemorrhaged Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in ovo.

1. Coturnix coturnix japonica eggs were exposed to 2.45-GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 (and a specific rate of 4 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. After hatching, hematological changes in response to an acute hemorrhage were measured in exposed and nonexposed (control) juveniles of both sexes. 2. Exposure did not affect erythroid cell numbers either before or after hemorrhage. 3. Exposure affected the recovery of lymphocyte and heterophil numbers after hemorrhage, but the effect was sex-limited. 4. These data indicate that microwave irradiation during embryogeny in ovo affects the ability of Japanese quail to recover from an acute and voluminous hemorrhage and that these radiation effects are sex-limited and consistent with a previous report.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Hematological response of hemorrhaged Japanese quail after blood volume replacement with saline.

1. Hematological responses to hemorrhage by phlebotomy with and without replacement of blood volume with saline were measured in juvenile and adult male Coturnix coturnix japonica. 2. Recovery of total peripheral erythrocyte numbers and total peripheral leukocyte numbers occurred within 72 hr postphlebotomy in both treatment groups. 3. Saline replacement of blood volume following hemorrhage increased the total numbers and differential percentages of circulating reticulocytes at 72 hr postphlebotomy above the reticulocyte values of phlebotomized quail receiving no saline in both adult and juvenile Japanese quail.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Blood volume recovery in hemorrhaged Japanese quail.

1. Blood volume and plasma biochemical changes and feed and water consumption in response to a hemorrhage by phlebotomy of 30% of the calculated total blood volume with and without replacement of blood volume with physiological saline were determined in juvenile male Coturnix coturnix japonica. 2. Plasma protein and osmolality decreased rapidly posthemorrhage and did not recover by 72 hr posthemorrhage. 3. Plasma glucose, Na+ and K+ increased within 1 hr postphlebotomy. Plasma Na+ returned to nonphlebotomized levels within 6 hr postphlebotomy. 4. Saline replacement of blood volume resulted in hypervolemia within 3-5 min postphlebotomy. 5. Phlebotomized quail receiving no saline recovered blood volume to 0 hr (nonphlebotomized) levels within 1 hr postphlebotomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Leukocyte numbers during the humoral and cell-mediated immune response of Japanese quail after microwave irradiation in ovo.

1. Coturnix coturnix japonica eggs were exposed to 2.45-GHz continuous wave microwave radiation at an incident power density of 5 mW/cm2 (SAR = 4 mW/g) during the first 12 days of embryogeny. After hatching, leukocyte differential changes were measured in response to an injection with Alectoris graeca chukar red blood cells (CRBC) and in response to a phytohemagglutinin (PHA) injection in irradiated and nonirradiated (sham) quail of both sexes. 2. Microwave irradiation did not affect anti-CRBC hemagglutinin titers, PHA-evoked dermal swelling or leukocyte numbers and percentages. 3. In both the irradiated and sham irradiated males, lymphocyte percentages decreased while heterophil percentages increased after CRBC or PHA injection. 4. In ovo irradiation with microwaves did not alter the time course of either a humoral immune response or a cell-mediated immune response in Japanese quail.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Hematology of Japanese quail selected for high or low serum corticosterone responses to complex stressors.

Blood was collected from random-bred male Coturnix coturnix japonica and from quail selected genetically for high or low serum corticosterone responses to complex stressors after chronic exposure to short daily photoperiods and after exposure to long photoperiods. When compared to the low response quail, high response quail exhibited increased mean cellular hemoglobin values, reticulocyte numbers and heterophil percentages, and decreased monocyte and eosinophil numbers after exposure to long photoperiods. The data indicate that these corticosterone response lines can be partitioned by their hematological responses to photoperiodic manipulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Reticulocyte numbers in Japanese quail chicks.

Erythrocyte parameters in Coturnix coturnix japonica were evaluated daily during the first 2 weeks after hatching. Nadirs in total circulating erythrocyte numbers, hematocrit percentages, and hemoglobin concentrations were found during the first 5 days posthatch. Reticulocytosis from 4 to 9 days posthatch ameliorated these nadirs until 12 days posthatch, when secondary nadirs appeared. Erythropoiesis was indicated by reticulocytosis when hemoglobin levels decreased. Reticulocyte maturation was indicated from 3 to 6 days after the onset of erythropoiesis by the predominance of mature erythrocytes in circulation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Egg production in four generations of paired Japanese quail.

Four generations of Japanese quail were hatched in succession starting with the progeny of an Athens Randombred quail colony. In each generation quail were maintained in cages as male-female pairs. The photoperiod was 16 hr of light per day with feed and water available ad libitum. From 6 to 20 weeks of age mortality, egg production, fertility, hatchability, and progeny livability were improved over previously published reports of reproduction in colony cages. Mortality decreased while age at 50% hen-day production, total number of eggs produced, and hatchability increased from the 1st to the 4th generation. This information may be of interest to researchers and commercial producers of Japanese quail.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of eggshell cuticle removal and incubation humidity on embryonic development and hatchability of broilers.

The effects of eggshell cuticle removal and two levels of incubation humidity 28.3 C [50% relative humidity (RH)] and 30.0 C (55% RH) wetbulb temperature (WB) on embryonic mortality and hatchability were determined from broiler hatching eggs laid during 38, 42, 48, and 54 weeks of age. Variables measured were: egg weight loss during the first 17 days of incubation, hatch at Days 19.5 and 20.5 of incubation, hatch of fertile eggs, stage of embryonic mortality, and chick weight at 21.5 days of incubation. Day 0 to 17 percentage egg weight loss was increased when the incubation humidity was lowered and the loss was greater than that observed after cuticle removal. A greater percentage of chicks hatched on Day 19.5 at 28.3 C than at 30.0 C WB. The percentage hatch of 38-week fertile eggs was improved at the higher humidity; the higher humidity also decreased late dead and increased pipped embryonic mortalities. Cuticle removal decreased early dead and increased late dead mortality. At Week 38 cuticle removal and lower humidity resulted in a decrease in chick weight at 21.5 days of incubation. For Weeks 42, 48, and 54 combined, pipped mortality was increased by higher humidity and late dead mortality was increased by cuticle removal. Water loss from the egg was increased by cuticle removal or by lowering incubation humidity from 30.0 C to 28.3 C WB, or by both, but lowering humidity was more effective. Changes in humidity and cuticle removal may affect vital gas exchange to different degrees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Characterization of different hematological responses during molts induced by zinc or fasting.

Single Comb White Leghorn hens were induced to molt by complete fasting for 11 days (FAST) or feeding a layer ration that contained 20,000 ppm zinc as zinc oxide for 11 days (ZINC). In both cases hens lost approximately 30% of their initial body weight. A control (CON) group was maintained. At 4, 8, 12, 18, and 42 days after initiation of the treatments, total erythrocyte numbers (TRBC), percent packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHb), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined. Erythrocytes were characterized as reticulocytes, intermediate Stage VII erythrocytes, or mature Stage VIII erythrocytes. The FAST hens exhibited significantly increased PCV through 18 days, which was not exhibited by ZINC hens. The FAST treatment increased TRBC on Days 8 and 12 and decreased TRBC on Day 42 while ZINC decreased TRBC on Day 4 and increased TRBC on Day 12. The FAST hens exhibited decreased Hb on Day 42, as reproduction resumed. Both ZINC and FAST hens exhibited decreased MCHb and MCHC on Day 12. Percentages of reticulocytes were decreased at Day 4 by FAST and increased at Days 8 and 18 by ZINC. Stage VII erythrocytes were decreased on Days 4 and 12 in FAST hens whereas ZINC hens exhibited a decrease on Day 4 and an increase on Days 8 and 18. Concomitantly, FAST hens exhibited an increase in Stage VIII erythrocytes on Days 4 and 12, whereas an increase on Day 4 and decreases on Days 8 and 18 were observed in ZINC hens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗