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Biomedical subjects

R Patterson

Publications and source records attributed to R Patterson.

At least 541 records · Page 30Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Aerosolized antigen dose-response studies in asthmatic monkeys.

This study used rhesus monkeys which had consistent respiratory responses to a standard (single dose) aerosolized concentration of A. Beginning at lower concentrations of A which did not produce an airway response, fourfold increases in concentrations of A were aerosolized until an airway response occurred. Compared with the single-dose SAC after the TAC, some consistently reactive animals did not respond to the SAC, the maximal concentration of A used for testing. Thus the TAC may result in an acute form of airway desensitization. Animals vary in the threshold concentrations of A required to produce an airway response. A repeat challenge with the threshold antigen concentration during the same experiment resulted in a second response generally greater than the initial response at the same concentration. When the SAC system was similarly evaluated by repeat challenges with the same A concentration, the second response was generally less than the first. Different methods for evaluation of pharmacologic inhibitors of IgE-mediated airway responses may be developed from this rhesus model of asthma.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1977

Evidence that Aspergillus fumigatus growing in the airway of man can be a potent stimulus of specific and nonspecific IgE formation.

Serum IgE levels in patients with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis are elevated but the degree of elevation varies markedly. Serum IgE levels in patients with aspergillomas may be strikingly elevated or normal. Absorption of serums with antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus combined with a solid phase radioimmunoassay technic demonstrated that both immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody activity against A. fumigatus were markedly reduced without a parallel reduction in serum total IgE. These results indicate that the very high levels of serum IgE found in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and aspergilloma are not all specific IgE. These results are similar to those observed in rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. An explanation for the elevations of IgE levels in infestations with A. fumigatus may be analogous to the postulate that parasite-produced materials may result in T cell stimulatory factors for IgE-producing cells. Alternatively, A. fumigatus organisms may produce materials that inhibit T suppressor lymphocytes.

Aspergillosis↗
PubMed1977

Trimellitic anhydride-induced airway syndromes: clinical and immunologic studies.

This report describes a spectrum of respiratory symptoms in workers exposed to trimellitic anhydride (TMA), a biologically reactive chemical used in the plastics industry. Fourteen workers who had worked on a unit which synthesized TMA were evaluated by clinical and immunologic methods. Respiratory syndromes induced by TMA inhalation included asthma and rhinitis of the immediate type, late onset asthma with systemic symptoms, and airway irritation. TMA was shown to couple rapidly to human serum albumin, forming an immunoreactive hapten-protein complex. The workers' immunologic reactivity to this complex could be quantitated and correlated with the three respiratory syndromes. The asthma-rhinitis syndrome was mediated by IgE antibody specific for the TMA hapten. The syndrome of late onset asthma with systemic symptomes was accompanied by elevated levels of TMA-specific IgG antibody. Rheumatoid factor in high titer was found in one worker with IgE-mediated asthma and in two workers with asthma of late onset. Lymphocyte reactivity of TMA-HSA was demonstrated in three workers representative of the three clinical syndromes. Leukocyte histamine release was demonstrated to TMA-HSA in one worker with high levels of IgE antibody specific for TMA-HSA who had severe symptoms of acute rhinitis and asthma.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Methacholine and physostigmine airway reactivity in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects.

Inhalation challenges using methacholine and physostigmine were performed in 3 human asthmatic and 3 nonallergic normal subjects. Plethysmographic measurements of specific airways conductance (Gaw/Vtg) were used to monitor the response. The dose required to produce a 17% fall in Gaw/Vtg was significantly lower in asthmatic subjects than in normal subjects for both physostigmine (p less than 0.0125) and methacholine (p less than 0.05). Moreover, in all subjects the relative airway sensitivity to methacholine correlated with the relative airway sensitivity to physostigmine. Both methacholine and physostigmine are cholinergic agents. Whereas methacholine acts directly at the end organ cholinergic receptor, physostigmine acts by increasing release and decreasing destruction of endogenous acetycholine at the vagal distal innervation. This suggests that the cholinergic airway hyperreactivity characteristic of asthma is a manifestation of end organ hypersensitivity.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1977

Polymerization of mixtures of grass allergens.

Mixed grass pollen allergens were precipitated from crude grass extract by 90% saturation with ammonium sulfate. The precipitate was dissolved and polymerized with glutaraldehyde. Polymerized allergens with a molecular weight range of 200,000 to 4,000,000 were isolated. The resultant grass allergen polymers had reduced allergenicity but were capable of absorbing out IgG antibody from sera of 2 patients treated with crude grass allergens. This alteration of allergenicity was intended to reduce the ability of allergens to react with IgE-sensitized cells rather than to modify or destroy antigenic determinants. Prior exposure of allergens to phenol used as a preservative inhibited the polymerization process probably by blocking combining sites with which glutaraldehyde reacts.

Allergens↗
PubMed1977

Ultrastructural identification of mast cells obtained from human bronchial lumens.

We have investigated the morphology of mast cells in human bronchial lavage fluid. Under light microscopy, these cells were seen to contain discrete metachromatically positive granules that were indistinguishable from those present in mast cells and basophils from other sources. With electron microscopy, the bronchial mast cells were shown to be mononucleated and to contain granules which primarily consisted of particulate materials. Complex structures such as scrolls and crystalloids were also found in the granules. In order to delineate the relationship between bronchial mast cells and mast cells from other anatomic sites, we studied the ultrastructure of tissue mast cells from bronchial, lung parenchymal, and bone marrow biopsy specimens, and that of basophils from peripheral blood. There were similarities as well as differences in these cells from different sources--in their size, shape, lobes of nuclei, nuclear chromatin distribution, and structure of special, presumably histamine-containing, cytoplasmic granules. Based on the electron microscopic data, we believe the intralumenal cells previously described in human beings can be classified as mast cells. The presence of viable, immunoreactive mast cells in the lumen of bronchi may have a significance in relation to respiratory allergic reactions, especially the immediate-type respiratory response.

Basophils↗
PubMed1977

Acute urticaria and bronchospasm following radiographic contrast media in a dog.

An immediate-type systemic reaction in a dog following intravenous radiographic contrast media (RCM) manifested by urticaria and wheezing on one occasion and urticaria alone on another occasion is described. This reactivity disappeared spontaneously and plans to study the mechanisms of such a reaction were not possible. If such reactivity is more persistent in certain other dogs, a model for study of immediate type reactivity to RCM would be available.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Immunopatholgenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

This review describes antigenic and host factors of possible significance in the immunopathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Although certain immunologic studies suggest immune complex mechanisms in HP, recent experimental and clinical data accumulated support a role for cell-mediated immunity. In addition, some data support roles for anaphylactic and cytotoxic antibody-mediated reactivity as well. One type of reactivity alone may not be sufficient for production of HP, and local pulmonary immune responses may be most relevant to the pathogensis. Whether immune damage will be produced in an exposed individual or not may depend on the characteristics of the antigenic exposure as well as inherited and acquired individual differences in immunologic reactivity and possibly target organ sensitivity.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1977

Studies of perennial ragweed immunotherapy.

Perennial ragweed immunotherapy was studied in 24 patients with ragweed pollenosis. Cellular responsiveness was determined by measuring the cellular reactivity and sensitivity to ragweed antigen E (RW-AgE) by RW-AgE-induced leukocyte histamine release. Serum blocking antibody content was determined by measuring the serum RW-AgE binding capacity by ammonium sulfate coprecipitation of bound RW-AgE. Specific IgE (anti-RW-AgE) concentration was determined by polystyrene tube radioimmunoassay. Cellular responsiveness decreased with continuing immunotherapy, as did the specific IgE concentrations. The serum RW-AgE binding capacity, in contrast, increased as treatment continued. The absence of demonstrable correlations between RW-AgE binding capacity and cellular reactivity, cellular sensitivity, and specific IgE concentrations contrasted impressively with the demonstration of multiple significant correlations between the change in the RW-AgE binding capacity and the other parameters studied. The degree of increase in RW-AgE binding capacity correlated significantly with the degree of decrease in both the specific IgE concentration (p is less than 0.04) and the cellular sensitivity to RW-AgE (p is less than 0.003). these findings suggest that the active process of blocking antibody production, rather than the passive presence of blocking antibody, is related to the process which decreases the specific IgE concentration and the degree of cellular responsiveness and therefore results in clinical improvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Immunologic responses to therapy in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: serum IgE value as an indicator and predictor of disease activity.

Two patients, a child and an adult, with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were studied over an 18-month period. Initially elevated total serum IgE levels fell during prednisone therapy and rose prior to and during an exacerbation. Total serum IgG fell with therapy, whereas the values of IgA and IgM remained constant. Specific IgG and IgE values against Aspergillus fumigatus as measured by radioimmunoassay were elevated in both patients. Specific IgE values increased in each patient prior to exacerbation, whereas specific IgG values increased in only one patient at the time of exacerbation. Immunologic evaluation may provide an assessment of disease activity of prospective value.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Differential airway reactivity to carbachol and physostigmine sulfate in rhesus monkeys with and without reagin-mediated respiratory responses.

Bronchial airway reactivity to carbachol (CAR) and physostigmine (PHY) was individually measured in three rhesus monkeys with and three rhesus monkeys without reagin-mediated respiratory responses (RR). The three monkeys with reagin-mediated RR demonstrated bronchial hyperreactivity to CAR (p less than 0.25) but not PHY when compared with the three control monkeys. No correlation between airway reactivity to CAR and PHY was noted in all six monkeys. We conclude that monkeys with reagin-mediated RR possess airway hyperreactivity to the exogenously administered acetylcholine analogue CAR, but not to the endogenous acetylcholine which is released in vivo by PHY.

Aerosols↗