[Clinical aspects and course of piroxicam poisoning].
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Female↗
Biomedical subjects
R Pentz
Publications and source records attributed to R Pentz.
[Antipyrine clearance as a measure of drug metabolism in patients with diabetes mellitus].
Antipyrine-clearance calculated from a single 24 hrs blood sample following i. v. injection of 1 g was determined in insulin dependent diabetics (n = 20), patients with liver cirrhosis (n = 8), with fatty liver + hepatitis (n = 5) and alcoholics with normal liver morphology (n = 3). Antipyrine-clearance values in normal subjects amounted to 58,7 +/- 4,8 ml/min (means +/- s), in cirrhotics to 11,8 +/- 10,1 ml/min (p less than 0.01), in patients with fatty liver to 43,3 +/- 10,1 ml/min (p less than 0.01), and in alcoholics to 62,5 +/- 18,6 ml/min. In diabetics, diseased for many years, also a decrease in the clearance values was seen (41 +/- 17,5 ml/min; p less than 0.05). 15 out of them were below the 2 s range of normal subjects. Thus, the drug-metabolizing capacity in diabetics seems to be markedly reduced, and drug dosage might have to take account of this fact.
Adolescent↗
Fasting increases the concentrations of carbon tetrachloride and of its metabolite chloroform in the liver of mice.
Fasting mice for 24 h strongly enhanced hepatic triglyceride concentrations as well as the hepatic levels of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and chloroform (CHCl3) after i.p. injection of 0.1 ml/kg CCl4. The ratio CHCl3:CCl4 was lower in the livers of the fasted than in those of the fed mice. Fasting-induced steatosis leading to an increased affinity of the liver to a lipophilic compound like CCl4 is considered to be the cause for the increase in CCl4 hepatotoxicity induced by fasting in mice.
Animals↗
[Effect of (+)-catechin on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in rabbits].
The influence of (+)-catechin ((+)-cyanidanol-3, Catergen) on the absorption, distribution and elimination of the anti-convulsant drug carbamazepine was studied in rabbits. At a dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. (+)-catechin caused a delayed absorption of carbamazepine (40 mg/kg p.o.), as evidenced by a shift of tmax from 2 h in controls to 6 h in (+)-catechin-treated animals. The maximum concentrations as well as the elimination half-lives for carbamazepine were not different in both groups. After reducing the dose both for (+)-catechin (50 mg/kg p.o.) and carbamazepine (10 mg/kg p.o.) the observed effect on the absorption no longer occurred. Repeated oral administration of carbamazepine (10 mg/kg p.o.) for 5 days showed no differences in the maximum concentrations at the expected tmax (2 h) for controls and (+)-catechin-treated animals.
Animals↗
Plasma levels of lidocaine after intramuscular injection and subsequent infusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
It has been proposed that prophylactic administration of lidocaine i.m. can prevent ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial infarction. Thus we studied the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after i.m. injection of 300 mg in the deltoid muscle and subsequent infusion to maintain antiarrhythmically effective plasma levels. The mean duration for exceeding a threshold concentration of 1.5 mg/l after 300 mg lidocaine i.m. was about 2 h; maximum concentrations were reached after 10 min and amounted to 3.2 mg/l (n = 10). By varying the infusion onset after i.m. injection (1 or 2 h later) and the infusion rates from 0.029-0.039 mg/kg X min, steady-state plasma levels of lidocaine were found to be in the therapeutic range (1.5-6 mg/l) for 5 h of observation. Long-lasting infusions (greater than 10 h) may result in increased plasma concentrations of lidocaine due to reduced body clearance.
Humans↗
[Does alcohol enhance the toxicity of paraquat (author's transl)].
Oral ingestion of about 80 ml of a 20% solution of paraquat (Gramoxone) by a 44 years-old male alcoholic was followed by an acute edema of the lungs and death within 24 hrs. The administration of corticosteroids as well as the employment of forced diuresis, charcoal hemoperfusion and hemodialysis did not prevent this acute lethal outcome. The very high initial plasma concentration of 2.56 mg/l dropped quickly after hemoperfusion and dialysis to 1.19 mg/l. In mice ingesting a 5% ethanol solution for one week the LD50 of paraquat was diminished to 80 (63 - 102) mg/kg p.o. as compared to 170 (126 - 229) mg/kg p.o. in controls indicating that alcohol is able to enhance the acute toxicity of paraquat.
Adult↗
Effect of diethyldithiocarbamate on the metabolic elimination of hexobarbital, phenazone, tolbutamide and four halogenated hydrocarbons.
The present study describes the inhibitory effects of diethyldithiocarbamate (dithiocarb) on the metabolic elimination of hexobarbital, phenazone, tolbutamide and four halogenated hydrocarbons. The plasma half-life for the beta-slopes of hexobarbital (25 mg/kg, i.v.) and phenazone (50 mg/kg, i.v.) were increased 2.5 and 3.5 fold respectively, when dithiocarb (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered simultaneously. The plasma half-life of tolbutamide was 2.27 h, when administered alone to rats; and 4.04 h, when administered with dithiocarb. Metabolic elimination of halothane, trichloroethylene, dichloroethane, and carbon tetrachloride, from the atmosphere of a closed exposure system was studied in rats. Treatment with dithiocarb (100 mg/kg, i.p.) immediately before exposure, prolonged the elimination half-life of: halothane (103 parts/10(6)) by a factor of 7.6, of trichloroethylene (25 parts/10(6)) by a factor of 5.3; dichloroethane (69 parts/10(6)) by 4.6; and carbon tetrachloride (38 parts/10(6)) by 2.4, respectively. The inhibitory actions of dithiocarb on the metabolism of the tested drugs and chemicals are explained as the consequences of a depressed microsomal mono-oxygenase activity due to a decrease in the cytochrome P 450 content.
Animals↗
[Clinical aspects and course of severe poisoning with optalidon special].
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Aminopyrine↗
[Plasma levels of lidocaine following intramuscular injection by means of an automatic injector (author's transl)].
Plasma levels of lidocaine were determined in either 10 patients following injection into the deltoid and lateral vastus muscle, respectively. We used an automatic injector containing 250 mg of lidocaine in a 10% solution. In the early phase after injection, plasma levels were higher, when the deltoid muscle had been chosen for administration. This was the same result as referred by other authors using normal injectors. Variance of single plasma values was smaller in the vastus group.
Aged↗
[Hemoperfusion with XAD-4 resin in the treatment of a severe parathion intoxication (author's transl)].
After ingestion of 200-300 ml E 605-forte (i.e., 100-150 g parathion) a maximal concentration of 10.2 mg/l could be measured in the plasma of a male patient. An extracorporeal hemoperfusion was carried out using XAD-4 resin. The clearance valued 83 ml/min at a blood flow of 100 ml/min, which is about 40% higher compared to perfusion on activated charcoal. The described method is possibly an improved technique which could raise the rate of survival following parathion intoxication. In our study, however, the fatal end could not be prevented due to the intake of a very high dose of the poison.
Charcoal↗
A rapid gas-chromatographic method for the determination of drugs in clinical toxicology.
A rapid gas-chromatographic method for the qualitative and quantitative measurement of various drugs in human plasma and other body fluids has been developed. The extraction procedure is done within 5 min, and gas-chromatographic measurement carried out on 2 diverse columns with detection by flame ionisation detectors. The detection sensitivity of most drugs is high enough to determine their plasma levels in suicidally or accidentally poisoned patients. As shown for 6 different drugs, the limit of detection, the reproducibility and the accuracy are sufficient even for analysis of therapeutical plasma concentrations.
Chromatography, Gas↗