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R Plomp

Publications and source records attributed to R Plomp.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

The negative effect of amplitude compression in multichannel hearing aids in the light of the modulation-transfer function.

The article deals with the question of why multichannel amplitude compression appears to have a negative rather than a positive effect on speech intelligibility by hearing-impaired listeners. It is argued that the small time constants of amplitude compression diminish the temporal as well as the spectral contrasts in the speech signal. According to the modulation-transfer function concept, this results in reduced intelligibility scores. Experimental evidence is reviewed indicating that the following two arguments in favor of amplitude compression in case of sensorineural hearing loss are not valid: (1) to compensate for the effects of loudness recruitment and (2) to get weak consonants above threshold. The author concludes that, in multichannel hearing aids, automatic gain control with time constants of 0.25-0.5 s should be given preference to amplitude compression.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The timbre of sung vowels.

The perception of timbre differences in a vowel sung by eight male and seven female singers has been investigated by means of two types of listening experiments: (1) using the paradigm of the comparison of similarity, and (2) using judgments on 21 semantic bipolar scales. Using INDSCAL analysis for the similarity-comparison data and MDPREF analysis for the semantic-scale judgments, vowel configurations in a multidimensional perceptual space were derived, as well as a space that showed the weighting of perceptual dimensions by individual listeners (INDSCAL). The interpretation of semantic scales was represented by directions in the perceptual space (MDPREF). The perceptual vowel configurations, either based on timbre similarities or semantic scales judgments, were comparable. Broadly, semantic scales clustered into the categories vocal technique, general evaluation, vibrato, clarity, and sharpness. These five clusters were not independent and could be described in two dimensions. Timbre differences could be predicted on the basis of differences in 1/3-oct spectra of the vowels. It showed up that only sharpness had a constant interpretation for the various stimulus sets and was roughly related to the slope of the spectrum. One experiment, using a song phrase, extended the results to a more general domain.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1987

[Acoustic trauma].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Ear Protective Devices↗
PubMed1987

The effect of varying the slope of the amplitude-frequency response on the masked speech-reception threshold of sentences.

Within the framework of a study on the merits of a frequency-dependent automatic gain control in hearing aids, the effect of varying the slope of the amplitude-frequency response on the speech-reception threshold (SRT) for sentences in noise was studied for normal-hearing listeners. Speech and noise were both subjected to the same amplitude-frequency response. In the first experiment, the effect of a constant slope was investigated (20 listeners). Over a range of about -7 to +10 dB/oct, the SRT in noise remained constant. In the second experiment, a single change in the slope of the amplitude-frequency response was introduced halfway through the sentence. The effect of varying the transition time over a range down to 0.125 s appeared to be very small. In the third experiment, the slope varied continuously with range and variation frequency (0.25-2 Hz) as the parameters. The masked SRT increased gradually with variation frequency. The results indicate that the masked SRT for sentences is remarkably resistant to dynamic variations in the slope of the amplitude-frequency response.

Hearing Aids↗
PubMed1987

The effect of speechreading on the speech-reception threshold of sentences in noise.

The monaural speech-reception threshold of sentences in noise, here defined as the 50% correct-syllables threshold, was measured for a female speaker with and without speechreading via a video monitor. The additional visual information resulted in a 4.6-dB lower threshold for a group of 12 young subjects and in a 4.0-dB lower threshold for a group of 18 elderly subjects compared to auditory presentation alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

A signal-to-noise ratio model for the speech-reception threshold of the hearing impaired.

This paper reviews the results of a series of investigations inspired by a model of the speech-reception threshold (SRT) of hearing-impaired listeners. The model contains two parameters accounting for the SRT of normal-hearing listeners (SRT in quiet and signal-to-noise ratio corresponding to the threshold at high noise levels), two parameters describing the hearing loss (attenuation and threshold elevation in terms of signal-to-noise ratio), and three parameters describing the hearing aid (acoustic gain, threshold elevation expressed in signal-to-noise ratio, and equivalent internal noise level). Experimental data are reported for three different types of hearing impairment: presbycusis, hearing losses with a pathological origin, and noise-induced losses. The model gives an excellent description of the data. It demonstrates that for many hearing-impaired persons speech intelligibility at noise levels beyond 50 to 60 dB(A) is their main problem, whereas hearing aids are most effective below that noise level.

Auditory Threshold↗
PubMed1986

The sound level of the singer's formant in professional singing.

The relative sound level of the "singer's formant," measured in a 1/3-oct band with a center frequency of 2.5 kHz for males and of 3.16 kHz for females, has been investigated for 14 professional singers, nine different modes of singing, nine different vowels, variations in overall sound-pressure level, and fundamental frequencies ranging from 98 up to 880 Hz. Variation in the sound level of the singer's formant due to differences among male singers was small (4 dB), the factors vowels (16 dB) and fundamental frequency (9-14 dB) had an intermediate effect, while the largest variation was found for differences among female singers (24 dB), between modes of singing (vocal effort) (23 dB), and in overall sound-pressure level (more than 30 dB). In spite of this great potential variability, for each mode of singing the sound level of the singer's formant was remarkably constant up to F0 = 392 Hz, due to adaptation of vocal effort. This may be explained as the result of the perceptual demand of a constant voice quality. The definition of the singer's formant is discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Spectral analysis of sung vowels. III. Characteristics of singers and modes of singing.

The 1/3-oct spectra of nine different vowels, sung by 14 professional male and female singers in nine different modes of singing, were analyzed to reveal spectral characteristics of individual singers and modes of singing. The main spectral differences between singers could be described in two dimensions characterizing, respectively, differences among male and among female singers. Spectral characteristics of these dimensions suggested that interindividual differences among males, like the average difference between males and females, arise mainly from differences in vocal tract dimensions, whereas interindividual differences among females may have a glottal basis. The spectral characteristics of the modes of singing could be represented for each vowel in two dimensions. Differences among the soft (pianissimo), light, neutral, free, straight, extra vibrato, and loud (fortissimo) modes were mainly due to the spectral effect of vocal effort, which constituted a very dominant first spectral dimension. This dimension essentially reflected the slope of the spectrum. The second dimension mainly described the spectral differences between the dark and pressed modes of singing. A possible explanation of the results in terms of glottal and supraglottal morphological variation is discussed.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Speech-reception threshold in noise with one and two hearing aids.

The binaural free-field speech-reception threshold (SRT) in 70-dBA noise was measured with conversational sentences for 24 hearing-impaired subjects without hearing aids, with a hearing aid left, right, and left plus right, respectively. The sentences were always presented in front of the listener and the interfering noise, with a spectrum equal to the long-term average spectrum of the sentences, was presented either frontally, from the right, or from the left side. For subjects with only moderate hearing loss, PTA (average air-conduction hearing level at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz) less than 50 dB, the SRT in 70-dBA noise in both ears is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio even if only one hearing aid is used. For larger hearing losses the SRT appears to be partly determined by the absolute threshold. In conditions with a high noise level relative to the absolute threshold, in which case for both ears the SRT is determined by the signal-to-noise ratio, a second hearing aid, just as a monaural hearing aid, generally does not improve the SRT. However, in the case of a high hearing level, or a low noise level, in which a monaural hearing aid is profitable, the use of two hearing aids is even more profitable. In a separate experiment, acoustic head shadow was measured at the entrance of the ear canal and at the microphone location of a hearing aid. It appeared that, for a lateral noise source and speech frontal, the microphone position of behind-the-ear hearing aids has a negative effect on the signal-to-noise ratio of 2-3 dB.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Speechreading supplemented with auditorily presented speech parameters.

Results are reported from two experiments in which the benefit of supplementing speechreading with auditorily presented information about the speech signal was investigated. In experiment I, speechreading was supplemented with information about the prosody of the speech signal. For ten normal-hearing subjects with no experience in speechreading, the intelligibility score for sentences increased significantly when speechreading was supplemented with information about the overall amplitude of the speech signal, information about the fundamental frequency, or both. Binary information about voicing appeared not to be a significant supplement. In experiment II, the best-scoring supplements of experiment I were compared with two supplementary signals from our previous studies, i.e., information about the sound-pressure levels in two 1-oct filter bands centered at 500 and 3160 Hz, or information about the frequencies of the first and second formants from voiced speech segments. Sentence-intelligibility scores were measured for 24 normal-hearing subjects with no experience in speechreading, and for 12 normal-hearing experienced speechreaders. For the inexperienced speechreaders, the sound-pressure levels appeared to be the best supplement (87.1% correct syllables). For the experienced speechreaders, the formant-frequency information (88.6% correct), and the fundamental-frequency plus amplitude information (86.0% correct), were equally efficient supplements as the sound-pressure information (86.1% correct). Discrimination of phonemes (both consonants and vowels) was measured for the group of 24 inexperienced speechreaders. Percentage correct responses, confusion among phonemes, and the percentage of transmitted information about different types of manner and place of articulation and about the feature voicing are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Speechreading supplemented with formant-frequency information from voiced speech.

The benefit of supplementing speechreading with information about the frequencies of the first and second formants from the voiced sections of the speech signal was studied by presenting short sentences to 18 normal-hearing listeners under the following three conditions: (a) speechreading combined with listening to the formant-frequency information, (b) speechreading only, and (c) formant-frequency information only. The formant frequencies were presented either as pure tones or as a complex speechlike signal, obtained by filtering a periodic pulse sequence of 250 Hz by a cascade of four second-order bandpass filters (with constant bandwidth); the center frequencies of two of these filters followed the frequencies of the first and second formants, whereas the frequencies of the others remained constant. The percentage of correctly identified syllables increased from 22.8 in the case of speechreading only to 82.0 in the case of speechreading while listening to the complex speechlike signal. Listening to the formant information only scored 33.2% correct. However, comparison with the best-scoring condition of our previous study [Breeuwer and Plomp, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 76, 686-691 (1984)] indicates that information about the sound-pressure levels in two one-octave filter bands with center frequencies of 500 and 3160 Hz is a more effective supplement to speechreading than the formant-frequency information.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1985

The effect of competing melodies on melody recognition by hearing-impaired and normal-hearing listeners.

For a group of 30 hearing-impaired subjects and a matched group of 15 normal-hearing subjects (age range 13-17) the following data were collected: the tone audiogram, the auditory bandwidth at 1000 Hz, and the recognition threshold of a short melody presented simultaneously with two other melodies, lower and higher in frequency, respectively. The threshold was defined as the frequency distance required to recognize the test melody. It was found that, whereas the mean recognition threshold for the normal-hearing subjects was five semitones, it was, on the average, 27 semitones for the hearing-impaired subjects. Although the interindividual spread for the latter group was large, it did not correlate with the subjects' auditory bandwidth, nor with their musical experience or education.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1985

Relations between psychophysical data and speech perception for hearing-impaired subjects. II.

Twenty-one sensorineurally hearing-impaired adolescents were studied with an extensive battery of tone-perception, phoneme-perception, and speech-perception tests. Tests on loudness perception, frequency selectivity, and temporal resolution at the test frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz were included. The mean values and the gradient across frequencies were used in further analysis. Phoneme-perception data were gathered by means of similarity judgments and phonemic confusions. Speech-reception thresholds were determined in quiet and in noise for unfiltered speech material, and with additional low-pass and high-pass filtering in noise. The results show that hearing loss for speech is related to both the frequency resolving power and temporal processing by the ear. Phoneme-perception parameters proved to be more related to the filtered-speech thresholds than to the thresholds for unfiltered speech. This finding may indicate that phoneme-perception parameters play only a secondary role, and for that reason their bridging function between tone perception and speech perception is only limited.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1979

Speech-reception threshold for sentences as a function of age and noise level.

For 140 male subjects (20 per decade between the ages 20 and 89) and 72 female subjects (20 per decade between 60 and 89, and 12 for the age interval 90-96), the monaural speech-reception threshold (SRT) for sentences was investigated in quiet and at four noise levels (22.2, 37.5, 52.5, and 67.5 dBA noise with long-term average speech spectra). The median SRT as well as the quartiles are given as a function of age. The data are described in terms of a model published earlier [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 533-549 (1978)]. According to this model every hearing loss for speech (SHL) is interpreted as the sum of a loss class A (attenuation), characterized by a reduction of the levels of both speech signal and noise, and a loss class D (distortion), comparable with a decrease in signal-to-noise ratio. Both SHLA+D (hearing loss in quiet) and SHLD (hearing loss at high noise levels) increase progressively above the age of 50 (reaching typical values of 30 and 6 dB, respectively, at age 85). The spread of SHLD as a function of SHLA+D for the individual ears is so large (sigma = 2.7 dB) that subjects with the same hearing loss for speech in quiet may differ considerably in their ability to understand speech in noise. The data confirm that the hearing handicap of many elderly subjects manifests itself primarily in a noisy environment. Acceptable noise levels in rooms used by the aged must be 5 to 10 dB lower than those for normal-hearing subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Auditory handicap of hearing impairment and the limited benefit of hearing aids.

The aim of this article is to promote a better understanding of hearing impairment as a communicative handicap, primarily in noisy environments, and to explain by means of a quantitative model the essentially limited applicability of hearing aids. After data on the prevalence of hearing impairment and of auditory handicap have been reviewed, it is explained that every hearing loss for speech can be interpreted as the sum of a loss class A (attenuation), characterized by a reduction of the levels of both speech signal and noise, and a loss D (distortion), comparable with a decrease in speech-to-noise ratio. On the average, the hearing loss of class D (hearing loss in noise) appears to be about one-third (in decibels) of the total hearing loss (A + D, hearing loss in quiet). A hearing aid can compensate for class-A-hearing losses, giving difficulties primarily in quiet, but not for class-D hearing losses, giving difficulties primarily in noise. The latter class represents the first stage of auditory handicap, beginning at an average hearing loss of about 24 dB.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving the reliability of testing the speech reception threshold for sentences.

An accurate test for measuring the speech reception threshold (SRT) for sentences in quiet or in noise has been developed. It is shown that with ten carefully selected lists of only 13 sentences each, a high test-retest reliability can be obtained. The standard deviation of SRT measured with the different lists is approximately 1 dB.

Humans↗