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Biomedical subjects

R R Clark

Publications and source records attributed to R R Clark.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by mixed microbial cultures.

Three different enriched mixed cultures capable of degrading polychlorinated biphenylas were isolated from two soil samples and a river sediment, respectively. The predominant organisms found in all three mixed cultures were Alcaligenes odorans, Alcaligenes dentrificans, and an unidentified bacterium. The polychlorinated biphenyl isomers that were more water soluble and had lower chlorination were not only degraded at a faster rate than those that were less water soluble and had higher chlorination, but were also more completely utilized by these mixed cultures. This resulted in the presence in the environment of polychlorinated biphenyl residues consisting mainly of higher-chlorinated isomers. A form of cometabolism of polychlorinated biphenyls was also found with these cultures in the presence of acetate as the cosubstrate.

Acetates↗
PubMed1978

Cigarette smoking in social interaction.

Studied behavior patterns by smokers and others in social interaction correlated with various behaviors comprising cigarette smoking. Field observation methods were used in observing 91 smokers in 117 social interaction settings. Settings were chosen to vary in degree of intimacy between participants in social interaction, and in degree of physical activity. Reliability of observations was established using independent field observers and raters of a videotape of one interaction. Findings generally were that smoking behaviors occur at points in the interaction when the smoker is relatively uninvolved and passive in the context of the social interaction. It is speculated that smoking is a form of self-involvement which is incompatible, on a momentary basis, with active social involvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Reactions to other people's cigarette smoking.

Cigarette smoking in social interaction is examined through a study of reactions and perceptions people have to others' smoking in their social presence. A questionnaire was administered to 130 subjects, among whom 57 were smokers, 30 were ex-smokers, and 43 were nonsmokers. Ex-smokers and nonsmokers in particular tended to report a disrupting effect upon their interactions with others when others smoked. Smokers tended to report no effect. Almost nobody reported a positive effect on interactions by others' smoking. This finding is discussed in the context of previous research findings that smokers report an increased social comfort with their own smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Preliminary observations on an intervention program for heavy smokers.

Each of 571 smokers selected one of three methods of smoking cessation: group therapy, individual counseling, and hypnosis. One-year results suggest little difference between the three methods in producing ex-smokers. All methods produced an average success rate of approximately 20%. It should be noted, however, that with all types of verbal or verbally related therapy it is not known precisely how these techniques work or whether the outcomes are really a function of what is put into the therapy by the treatment agent and/or the recipient. It was generally found that younger, more educated smokers chose hypnosis; older, more educated smokers chose group therapy; and older, less-formally educated smokers chose individual counseling while the youngest and generally less educated smokers chose to become nonattenders and not take part in therapy. These results have important implications for designing optimal treatment programs which will be acceptable and effective for the greatest number of smokers.

Adult↗