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Biomedical subjects

R R Golden

Publications and source records attributed to R R Golden.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Item bias in cognitive screening measures: comparisons of elderly white, Afro-American, Hispanic and high and low education subgroups.

A study of item bias in standard cognitive screening measures was conducted in a sample of Afro-American, Hispanic and non-Hispanic white elderly respondents who were part of a dementia case registry study. The methods of item-response theory were applied to identify biased items. Both cross-cultural and high and low education groups were examined to determine which items were biased. Out of 50 cognitive items examined from six widely used cognitive screening measures, 16 were identified as biased for either high and low education groups or ethnic/racial group membership.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1992

Side effects associated with lithium and placebo administration in aggressive children.

This study represents a secondary data analysis of two double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trials of lithium, performed to contrast side effects associated with lithium administration to those associated with placebo. The sample consisted of 91 hospitalized children, aged 5.12 to 12.92 years (mean 9.16), diagnosed as having conduct disorder characterized by severe aggressiveness and explosiveness. Daily doses of lithium ranged from 250 to 2100 mg. During the entire treatment period, more side effects were seen in the lithium group than in the placebo group, whereas during the therapeutic dose period, the difference between side effects in the two groups diminished. The most common side effects seen exclusively with lithium administration included enuresis, fatigue, and ataxia. Increased aggressiveness was observed in 4 children who received placebo. Vomiting, headache, and stomachache were the most common side effects experienced by patients in both lithium and placebo groups. However, more patients experienced these side effects in the lithium group than in the placebo group.

Aggression↗
PubMed1989

A taxometric analysis of cognitive and neuromotor variables in children at risk for schizophrenia.

A taxometric model was applied to detect a subgroup or taxon of children conjectured to be at highest risk for developing schizophrenia or related disorders in a sample of offspring of schizophrenic, depressed, and normal parents. Measures of cognitive and neuromotor performance in childhood were used as indicator tests in the analyses. A taxon consisting chiefly of children of schizophrenic parents was detected. Forty-seven percent of those children were assigned to the taxon, compared with 16% of the children of depressed parents and 4% of the children of normal parents. Assignment to the taxon is assessed in relation to the current functional status of the subjects in young adulthood.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Some applications of latent trait analysis to the measurement of ADL.

The use of latent trait methods for detection of biased items used in scales is discussed and two examples given. In the first, items measuring functional impairment in elderly community residents are tested for possible sex bias, and items predicted on the basis of clinical judgment to be clearly sex-biased are correctly identified. In the second example, taken from a cross-national study of elderly residents in long-stay institutions in New York and London, scale items suspected of bias due to interviewer variability and to cross-national differences in institutional environments are identified. It is shown that estimated rates of impairment are affected by presence of variant (biased) items. We argue that latent trait methods are useful for identifying biased items and may have wide application in gerontological research.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1987

A taxometric method for diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia.

A taxometric method for diagnosis of drug-induced tardive dyskinesia is described. The method, using items from the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) as indicators of the syndrome, is applied in a sample of children diagnosed earlier as autistic and participating in an ongoing treatment program. The method includes procedures for estimation of the prevalence rate of the syndrome and the valid positive and false positive rates for each indicator of the syndrome and it includes tests (referred to as "consistency tests") for checking the internal validity or goodness-of-fit of the statistical model. The agreement of the taxometric classification with that obtained by using criteria suggested by Schooler and Kane was very good. In general, the results were encouraging enough to warrant further study of this kind of method for the detection and diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1984

Development of indicator scales for the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE) interview schedule.

The objective of this research was to develop indicator scales for major health and social problems of individuals aged 65 or over who live in the community. A semistructured interview technique, the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE), was used in two large surveys in London and New York City. Twenty-two indicator scales were developed by using items that met certain clinical and statistical criteria. These indicator scales are intended for use in developing a general taxonomy of the problems of older individuals, for clinical assessment and referral of such individuals, and for use in geriatric epidemiological research. The scales were developed to be comprehensive with regard to the CARE, to be relatively independent of one another, and to have satisfactory content, clinical, and face validities, and interrater and internal consistency reliabilities.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1984

Construct validity of indicator-scales developed from the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation interview schedule.

This paper is an assessment of the construct validity of the scales developed from the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE). Data collected from 445 elderly adults residing in New York and 396 in London were used to develop scales to measure medical, psychiatric, and social problems. Diagnostic and global ratings made by psychiatrists and social scientists provided one source of corroborative information; scales developed from information obtained from a random subsample of 162 collateral sources were used as another method of determining validity. Evidence was provided for convergent and divergent validity using multitrait-multimethod matrices to represent the relationships among scales across methods. Convergent validity coefficients ranged from (.40 to .75) for the CARE scales with the diagnostic ratings and from (.30 to .70) for the informant scales. It is argued that most scales are valid by this criterion.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1984

Concurrent and predictive validity of indicator scales developed for the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation interview schedule.

Evidence for the concurrent and predictive validity of indicator scales developed to assess psychiatric, social, and medical conditions of elderly adults is presented. These scales were developed from the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE) on probability samples of 445 elderly community residents in New York City and 396 in London, England. Corroborative information was also collected from key collaterals of a random subsample of 162 of the New York elderly adults. Concurrent validity of the cognitive impairment and activity limitation scales was tested in relation to family report of inconvenience and decision to institutionalize. Predictive validity of the scales was assessed using morbidity and mortality as outcome variables. Individuals classified as having medical and psychiatric disorders at Time 1 were significantly more likely to manifest such disorders 1 year later at Time 2 than were persons not so classified. In addition, the odds that individuals with cognitive impairment, somatic complaints, activity limitation, and difficulty ambulating at Time 1 would be dead within 1 year were two to three times greater than for those without the disorder, a result that provides support for the contention that these scales are useful predictors of outcomes.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1984

The SHORT-CARE: an efficient instrument for the assessment of depression, dementia and disability.

The Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE) covers a wide range of psychiatric, medical, and social problems. It has been, for certain purposes, reduced to a relatively brief instrument, the SHORT-CARE, that measures three major content areas: depression, dementia, and disability. The SHORT-CARE includes additional items for arriving at operational diagnoses that have public health relevance (pervasive depression, pervasive dementia, and personal time dependency). The reliability and validity of the scales in the SHORT-CARE, as well as their relationship to operational diagnoses, are discussed. The interrater reliability correlations of the SHORT-CARE scales are .94, .76, and .91, respectively for depression, dementia and disability. Internal consistency coefficients for the three scales are .75, .64, and .84. The scales are useful for measurement of severity and change; the operational diagnoses for prediction of service utilization and outcome.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1978

Testing a single dominant gene theory without an accepted criterion variable.

In testing a single dominant gene hypothesis we often are not able directly to measure the inherited trait. A typical situation is one where we only have one or more fallible indicators of the trait under study. The statistical method proposed requires that we have measurements on several such indicators for each of the parents of probands known to possess the trait.

Genes, Dominant↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of dementia and depression cases with the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation interview schedule.

The objective of this research was to develop two indicator-scales for detection of dementia and detection of depression for individuals aged sixty-five or over who are living in the community. Data were collected in two large surveys in London and New York City using a semistructured interview technique, the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation. Each of the two indicator-scales were developed so as to meet criteria regarding content and construct validity and internal consistency reliability such as is required in geriatric epidemiological research. The advantage of simultaneously using both indicator-scales in the detection of dementia and depression cases and in the differential diagnosis of dementia and depression is demonstrated.

Aged↗