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Biomedical subjects

R Roscoe

Publications and source records attributed to R Roscoe.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Modifiers of exposure-response estimates for lung cancer among miners exposed to radon progeny.

The association between lung cancer and exposure to radon decay products has been well established. Despite agreement on this point, there is still some degree of uncertainty regarding characteristics of the exposure-response relationship. The use of studies of underground miners to estimate lung cancer risks due to residential radon exposure depends upon a better understanding of factors potentially modifying the exposure-response relationship. Given the diversity in study populations regarding smoking status, mining conditions, risk analysis methodology, and referent populations, the risk estimates across studies are quite similar. However, several factors partially contributing to differences in risk estimates are modified by attained age, time since last exposure, exposure rate, and cigarette smoking patterns. There is growing agreement across studies that relative risk decreases with attained age and time since last exposure. Several studies have also found an inverse exposure-rate effect, i.e., low exposure rates for protracted duration of exposure are more hazardous than equivalent cumulative exposures received at higher rates for shorter periods of time. Additionally, the interaction between radon exposure and cigarette smoking appears to be intermediate between additive and multiplicative in a growing number of studies. Quantitative estimates of these modifying factors are given using a new analysis of data from the latest update of the Colorado Plateau uranium miners cohort.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Productivity: a context for excellence.

Inductively created measures of the sort described above enable the ambulatory care manager to make a crucial decision: Are the outcomes worth the cost involved? As Collins (1988, p. 235) notes, "Our nursing product is quality care based on principles and standards of practice... and substantiated and enhanced through quantifying our practice." By using nursing resources wisely, we can "moderate the march on the market...for caring and access of what we are here for" (Cunningham, 1983, p. 90). In relaying her feelings during treatment for a malignant breast tumor, Kaufman (1989) supports the contention that caring and access are essential parts of a therapeutic regime. Curtin (1987, p. 7) warns that "You cannot provide health care by taking the care out of it." This project allowed nurses to create their own measurement system that identified and quantified the professional nursing tasks involved in each workload indicator. Nonprofessional activities were also identified, quantified, and delegated to appropriate levels of staff, thus increasing the control of the nurses over their own practice environment. In the words of Curtin (1987, p. 7), "Losers count time to make heads roll. Winners use their heads to make time count. This country cannot afford to place its health in the hands of losers."

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
PubMed1990

New developments in the Life Table Analysis System of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

In the 1970s, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health developed a Life Table Analysis System to analyze occupational cohort studies. We have updated the original system by adding two new features: direct standardization with a test for linear trend, and analyses by lagged exposure (either duration of exposure or cumulative exposure). We have also updated US reference rates through 1989. The updated systems and documentation (version F) are available upon request. In collaboration with the National Cancer Institute, we have also developed multiple cause-of-death rate files, which consider contributory as well as underlying cause. These files (also available upon request) will enable investigators to derive the expected prevalence of diseases at death, which can then be compared with the observed prevalence in an exposed cohort. Work is currently underway to produce a personal computer version of the Life Table Analysis System.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1985

Industrial hygiene characterization of automotive wood model shops.

A suspicion of an excess cancer risk in automotive model shops prompted the Industrywide Studies Branch, NIOSH, to conduct a proportionate mortality study and an industrial hygiene characterization of operations in these shops. The mortality study showed a statistically significant excess proportion of deaths due to colon cancer and leukemia (for woodshops only). The materials used in the model shops include various natural woods, laminated woods, plastics, resins, varnishes, putties and paints. Personal breathing zone samples were collected for total and respirable dust, amines, various hydrocarbons (including styrene, and toluene), formaldehyde, and nitrosamines. Particle size distribution studies were conducted on the wood dust and bulk airborne samples of dusts were subjected to various mutagenicity test systems. Work practices, ventilation and general housekeeping were checked. Total wood dust samples ranged from 0.03 to 25 mg/m3 with an average around 1.0 mg/m3. The percent respirable dust ranged from 19 to 38% as measured with Andersen impactors. Solvent exposure samples ranged from non-detectable to about 10% of the OSHA Permissible Exposure Levels. Relevant recommendations for improvement of contaminant control were made.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relative bioavailability of a commercial propranolol hydrochloride tablet in man.

A relative bioavailability study of conventional tablet of propranolol hydrochloride was conducted in a group of 18 healthy volunteers employing the innovator's product as the reference tablet formation. Based on plasma levels of propranolol for the 24 h following administration of 2 x 40 mg oral propranolol hydrochloride tablets, the relative extent of availability was shown to be 100.8 per cent for the test tablet formulation; no significant differences were detected between formulations with respect to any of the pharmacokinetic parameters examined. Large intersubject variations in plasma propranolol concentrations and the subsequently calculated areas under the plasma concentration/time curves were attributed to substantial presystemic biotransformation differences.

Adolescent↗