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Biomedical subjects

R Rowsell

Publications and source records attributed to R Rowsell.

8 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Leptospirosis in febrile men ingesting Agouti paca in South America.

To explore the relationship between the ingestion of Agouti paca (AP) and human leptospirosis in Guyana, 19 febrile men who said they had hunted and eaten A. paca were screened for malaria, using bloodsmears, and for leptospirosis, using an enzyme immuno-assay that detects Leptospira -specific IgM. Those found positive for anti-Leptospira IgM were then evaluated further, with a microscopical agglutination test based on a limited panel of serovars from three pathogenic species of Leptospira. Although six of the 18 patients who provided suitable samples for the serology were found seropositive for acute leptospirosis, only three of the 19 patients were found smear-positive for malaria. A clinical-decision model, based on medical histories, the results of physical examinations, and the use of routine urine dipsticks, and enabling prediction of the serological results, was developed. This model, which had 83% sensitivity and 100% specificity for leptospirosis, indicated that, in the absence of serology, most febrile patients reporting AP ingestion could be correctly treated if each was checked for malaria using traditional bloodsmears. The smear-positives should be treated with antimalarial drugs whereas the smear-negatives should be treated for leptospirosis if they had any of the following: a skin rash; lymphadenopathy; abnormal urine sediment (proteinuria or haematuria); and/or no previous history of malaria. In the present study, the relative risk of leptospirosis among the patients who were smear-negative for malaria and fulfilled at least one of these four criteria was 13 (P = 0.0007). In Guyana at least, leptospirosis appears to be common among men who hunt, prepare and ingest AP. Vaccines may be the best, practical form of protection among such men.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Efficacy of a targeted, oral penicillin-based yaws control program among children living in rural South America.

Yaws is endemic in rural Guyana. An observational study was conducted to determine the efficacy of oral penicillin V therapy in treating skin lesions of yaws in children. In 1999, inhabitants of 7 rural villages near Bartica, Guyana, were screened for skin lesions of yaws. Cases were confirmed by serological testing. A control program was implemented in 2000: children < or =14 years old were screened, and those with active lesions were treated with oral penicillin V for 7-10 days. In 2001, children were rescreened and active cases were treated. Prevalence of yaws skin lesions fell from 5.1% (52 of 1020 children screened in 2000) to 1.6% (8 of 516 in 2001), a 71% drop. Sixteen (94%) of 17 children treated in 2000 and reassessed in 2001 had complete resolution of lesions. A targeted, oral penicillin-based treatment regimen can successfully treat dermatologic yaws in individual children and can decrease the prevalence of skin yaws in a community in which it is endemic. This information may aid in the implementation of additional control efforts.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Mortality study of 18 000 patients treated with omeprazole.

BACKGROUND: The long term safety of potent gastric acid suppressive therapy has yet to be established. METHOD: General practice record review at a median interval of 26 months followed by retrieval of details of all deaths within four years using the UK National Health Service Central Registers in 17 936 patients prescribed omeprazole in 1993-1995. Death rates were compared with general population rates. RESULTS: Records of 17 489 patients (97.5%) were examined. A total of 12 703 patients received further scripts for antisecretory drugs, 8097 for omeprazole only (65.6%): 3097 patients have died. All cause mortality was higher in the first year (observed/expected (O/E) 1.44 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.34-1.55); p<0.0001) but had fallen to population expectation by the fourth year. There were significant mortality increases in the first year, falling to or below population expectation by the fourth year, for deaths ascribed to neoplasms (1.82 (95% CI 1.58-2.08); p<0.0001), circulatory diseases (1.27 (95% CI 1.13-1.43); p<0.0001), and respiratory diseases (1.37 (95% CI 1.12-1.64); p<0.001). Increased mortality ascribed to digestive diseases (2.56 (95% CI 1.87-3.43); p<0.0001) persisted, although reduced. Increased mortality rates for cancers of the stomach (4.06 (95% CI 2.60-6.04); p<0.0001), colon and rectum (1.40 (95% CI 0.84-2.18); p=0.075), and trachea, bronchus, and lung (1.64 (95% CI 1.19-2.19); p<0.01) seen in the first year had disappeared by the fourth year but that for cancer of the oesophagus had not (O/E 7.35 (95% CI 5.20-10.09) (p<0.0001) in year 1; 2.88 (95% CI 1.62-4.79) (p<0.001) in year 4). Forty of 78 patients dying of oesophageal cancer had the disease present at registration. Twenty seven of those remaining cases had clinical evidence of Barrett's disease, stricture, ulcer, or oesophagitis at registration (O/E 3.30 (95% CI 2.17-4.80)). Six deaths occurred in patients with hiatal hernia or reflux only (O/E 1.02 (95% CI 0.37-2.22)) and five in patients without oesophageal disease (O/E 0.77 (95% CI 0.25-1.80)). No relationships were detected with numbers of omeprazole scripts received. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in mortality associated with treatment are due to pre- existing illness, including pre-existing severe oesophageal disease. There was no evidence of an increased risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma in those without oesophageal mucosal damage recorded at registration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Xylotox labelling.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Anesthetics, Local↗
PubMed1999

Postal urine specimens: are they a feasible method for genital chlamydial infection screening?

BACKGROUND: A United Kingdom (UK) screening programme for Chlamydia trachomatis has recently been announced. Pilot projects involving the opportunistic testing of women attending health facilities are due to commence in several sites. There is a danger that this approach will fail to obtain adequate population coverage. The alternative--true systematic population screening--is generally assumed to be unfeasible. Studies in Denmark using postal urine specimens have challenged this assumption. No such studies have been reported from the UK. AIM: To assess the potential of urine specimens sent by post as the basis for a UK population screening strategy for genital chlamydial infection. METHOD: Two hundred patients (100 men, 100 women) aged 18 to 45 years were randomly sampled from the list of one urban group practice. Subjects were mailed an explanatory letter, a urine sample container, a sexual lifestyle questionnaire, and a prepaid return envelope. Non-responders were contacted by telephone; persistent non-responders were visited at home. Samples were tested for Chlamydia by DNA amplification and enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Sixty-four (32%) subjects were no longer living at their GP registered address. Of the remaining 136, 126 (93%) responded to the survey and 113 (83%) accepted the request for a urine sample and completed a questionnaire. Acceptance rates were similar for men and women and across age groups. Four samples (3%) were Chlamydia positive. CONCLUSION: Home mailed urine specimen collection in conjunction with a self-completed postal questionnaire is feasible. This could provide a viable basis both for determining population Chlamydia prevalence and for a UK Chlamydia population screening strategy. Overall cost effectiveness of such a strategy will depend on the cost of the test used. Comparative performance characteristics of the different currently available tests in this setting have yet to be fully determined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

General practitioner registrars' views about a career in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Current low morale in general practice and the fall in the number of general practitioner registrars (trainees) has led to concern about the decline in popularity of general practice as a career. AIM: A study was performed to evaluate the career intentions of general practitioner registrars and the factors underlying their decisions. METHOD: An anonymous postal questionnaire seeking both quantitative and qualitative data was sent to 138 registrars during June 1993. All were registrars at practices in the south west region of England. Outcome measures used were the popularity of different types of general practice work and identification of variables and emergent themes considered important in career choice. RESULTS: A total of 101 registrars returned questionnaires (73%). Of the respondents, 96% expressed an interest in general practice as a career. However, registrars expressed considerable uncertainty about the future of general practice and therefore their career. Continuity of care and a holistic approach were considered valued aspects of work in general practice. Increased workload, increased out-of-hours work and erosion of professional autonomy emerged as negative aspects of a career in general practice. Of the respondents, 91% considered time for leisure activities an important factor when considering future career, 72% would have been glad to do away with 24-hour cover and 99% agreed that general practitioners increasingly fear litigation. CONCLUSION: Although registrars were interested in general practice as a career they had many concerns and expressed uncertainties. The future popularity of general practice is likely to depend on addressing these concerns and on the clarification of the future direction of the profession.

Adult↗