Re: "Echocardiography in emergency medicine: A policy statement by the American Society of Echocardiology and the American College of Cardiology".
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Echocardiography↗
Biomedical subjects
R S Krause
Publications and source records attributed to R S Krause.
The effect of injection speed on the pain of lidocaine infiltration.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether reducing the speed of injection is effective in reducing injection pain for buffered and unbuffered lidocaine solutions. METHODS: A prospective, single-blind, randomized, crossover, laboratory study was performed. Adult volunteers were recruited from ED staff at an urban teaching hospital to serve as subjects. Twenty-nine subjects each received 4 1-mL injections into the dorsum of the hands. Each subject received fast and slow injections of buffered and unbuffered lidocaine. Subjects rated the pain of each injection on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). Mean pain scores for each intervention were compared using analysis of variance. RESULTS: The mean pain VAS score for fast injection of buffered lidocaine was 14.1 mm. For slow buffered injection, the mean pain score was 11.4 mm (p = 0.98). For unbuffered lidocaine, the means were 28.7 mm for fast injection and 22.2 mm for slow injection (p = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS: Reducing injection speed did not produce a statistically significant change in injection pain for either buffered or unbuffered solutions.
Adult↗
Hypertensive urgency concern.
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Antihypertensive Agents↗