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Biomedical subjects

R Spaulding

Publications and source records attributed to R Spaulding.

4 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

The use of aerosolized pentamidine for prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in children with leukemia.

We report our experience giving aerosolized pentamidine as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) to 9 children (mean age, 7.33 years; range 3-17 years) with leukemia who were unable to tolerate trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) due to allergy or myelosuppression. The dose of pentamidine was modified for each child to correct for weight and approximate alveolar ventilation. We were able to administer the drug to younger children by using a cushioned face mask in place of the standard mouthpiece. One child experienced moderate coughing with administration of pentamidine. He and four others with a past medical history suggestive of reactive airways disease were pretreated with inhaled albuterol. No other adverse effects were noted. Treatment lasted an average of 8.11 +/- 4.1 months per child; no case of PCP occurred. We conclude that aerosolized pentamidine can be administered to even very young children and may be of benefit to all immunosuppressed children unable to use TMP-SMX prophylaxis. The adjusted dose used here appears to be safe, but further studies regarding drug delivery and efficacy are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

GC/ITMS measurement of carbonyls and multifunctional carbonyls in PM2.5 particles emitted from motor vehicles.

A method was developed and tested to identify and quantitate carbonyls and multifunctional carbonyls in fine particulate matter (PM2.5; <2.5 microm aerodynamic diameter). The method relies on ultrasonic extraction of particulate matter on filters at -8 degrees C; derivatization with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBHA), and PFBHA along with bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA); and detection of the derivatives by gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Ultrasonic extraction of model compounds from enriched particles was affected by solvent polarity (water > methylene chloride > toluene-isopropanol (2 + 1, v/v). Water provided the highest recovery for dihydroxy acetone, pyruvic acid, and hydroxy acetone, compared to methylene chloride, and toluene-isopropanol. Lowering the ultrasonication bath temperature from 0 degrees to -8 degrees C improved the recoveries of the less water soluble and more volatile species-methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, 2,3-butanedione, and tolualdehyde. The power of the method was demonstrated by identification and quantitation of carbonyls and multifunctional carbonyls in sample extracts of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected in the Caldecott tunnel, CA. The identities of crotonaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, glyoxal, 9H-fluoren-9-one, glycolaldehyde, glyoxylic acid, levulinic acid, and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde were confirmed by comparing the relative retention time and mass spectra of the analyte in the sample extract with an authentic standard. Quantitation of crotonaldehyde, glyoxal, 2,3-butanedione, glyoxylic acid, and levulinic acid was accomplished. This is the first report of glyoxylic acid, levulinic acid, and 3-hydroxybenzaldheyde in PM2.5 particles sampled in a roadway tunnel. It is also the first report of a C10 carbonyl with the molecular formula of C10H16O2, a hydroxy carbonyl with the molecular formula of C17H21NO2, and a hydroxy or dihydroxy carbonyl with the molecular formula of C16H14O2 or C9H10O3. The high-molecular weight hydroxy carbonyls, which were found only in the heavy-duty (diesel) bore, may be tracers of diesel emissions in air.

Air Pollutants↗