Functional restoration & reconstruction of the incontinent female urethra.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to R T Warwick.
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The instillation of diluted Bonney's blue into the bladder during gynaecological operations has been quite common practice over the last 50 years. Bonney's blue is composed of a 1:1 mixture of brilliant green and crystal violet dissolved in ethanol (90%) or industrial methylated spirit. Before insertion into the bladder this solution must be diluted with water to a 0.5% solution. Failure to do this will result in a severe inflammatory reaction within the bladder. The degree of resultant damage depends upon the duration of exposure. Persistent pain is a feature of this condition, although the other symptoms (frequency and urgency) may settle in time. Two cases of chemical cystitis resulting from the use of undiluted Bonney's blue are described to illustrate the possible consequences. Both patients were awarded 6-figure sums as compensation.
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Primary enuresis is essentially of two main types - the common diurnal-nocturnal type with associated bladder instability and the less common nocturnal type which shows normal cystometry. The importance of depth of sleep in both types is stressed, particularly the former. A rationale of treatment, self-monitored, voluntary, escalating cystometry, is described.
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In 10 kidneys treated by the sinus approach the overall recurrence rate was 40%. In 48 kidneys treated by pyelocalycotomy the overall recurrence rate was 17% but only 6% in functioning kidneys with infective stones. Infection was controlled in 75% of patients from whom all stone fragments were removed radiologically but all patients in whom fragments remained, or who developed further calculi, remained infected--with Proteus in 75% of cases. All patients with kidneys completely cleared of calculi in whom infection was controlled remained stone-free for periods up to 10 years.
169 female patients with outlet obstruction have been studied urodynamically. The results of treatment of the outlet obstruction in 102 patients have been analysed and the reason for the failures discussed. Patients with stable detrusors and those with symptoms of recurrent urinary tract infection responded well to treatment, provided this relieved the obstruction adequately; symptomatic relief was less common in patients with unstable detrusors, despite adequate outflow readjustment.
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