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Biomedical subjects

R T Wilson

Publications and source records attributed to R T Wilson.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Livestock production on Masai group ranches. 2. Growth and liveweight in goats and sheep at Elangata Wuas and the factors influencing them.

In 1101 goats and 547 sheep kept under ranch conditions the liveweight development was measured and compared between their 10th and 550th day of life. Consideration was given to factors such as sex, parity, birth type, season of birth, and flock. Post-partum weights of the dams are given and analysed for the same variables. Management of the flocks is the proximate factor in growth rates and liveweight, but almost all other variables also have significant effects on the weight-for-age. Management is also responsible for the biggest differences in weights in post-partum females, while season had a greater effect on this factor in sheep than in goats.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Population and production parameters of sheep under traditional management in semi-arid areas of Africa.

This paper summarises and compares data on the sheep of 4 societies, the Baqqara of western Sudan, the Afar of Ethiopia, the Bambara of Mali and the Masai of Kenya. The parameters considered are demographic structure of the population by sex and age, population morphology, growth from birth to maturity and a comparison of output at the level of both the breeding ewe and of the flock. In both individual and flock output the Baqqara sheep were superior, the Afar achieving second place in flock output due to a relatively high percentage of breeding females.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1979

Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan, VII. Production of poultry under simulated traditional conditions.

Observations were made on egg production, egg hatchability and fertility, liveweight and growth characteristics of domestic fowls, Muscovy ducks and pigeons kept under simulated traditional conditions in Southern Darfur. Fowl and ducks produced about 50 eggs a year in 4 1/2 clutches spaced at 80 day intervals and pigeons 17 in 8 1/2 clutches at 43 day intervals. First eggs were laid at about 240 days by the fowls, 213 days by ducks and 132 days by pigeons. The annual weight of eggs produced was 2,013 3,596 and 286 g for fowl, ducks and pigeons respectively, being 1.53, 2.33 and 0.88 times the mean adult female body weight for each species. Fertility and hatchability of eggs were higher in fowls than ducks which were in turn higher than in pigeons. Early growth in pigeons was very rapid. Muscovies achieved mature body weights at about 20 weeks while mature weights in fowls were achieved much later in males than in females.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The primates in Darfur, Republic of Sudan.

The paper describes the distribution, group size and relative abundance of Erythrocebus patas and Papio doguera in Darfur Province, Sudan. Less detailed information is given on Cercopithecus aethiops and Galago senegalensis. Detailed observations were carried out in the field and by low-level aerial survey during 1972--1978 and have been supplemented by references to the literature where appropriate.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Immunologic and medical considerations in tuberculin-sensitized pregnant patients.

One-hundred and seventy-two pregnant patients were identified as tuberculin sensitive in the first trimester. These patients were followed throughout pregnancy for any signs or symptoms of active tuberculosis which were discovered only in the index case. Post partum, patients were again re-evaluated for tuberculosis and prophylactically treated with isoniazid if they met established criteria. The tuberculous host also represented a model for the study of cell-mediated immunity, which presumably is altered in pregnancy. This investigation revealed a progressive depression of lymphocyte function to a specific antigen, purified protein derivative, obtaining significance at 36 weeks' gestation and continuing through delivery (p is less than 0.001). Nonspecific cell-mediated immunity, however, was not depressed when monitored throughout the gestation by the mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, which would stimulate all lymphocyte clones. This discrepancy in the alteration of specific clones of lymphocytes compared to all noncommitted lymphocytes may account for varying reports of the immune status of the pregnant woman.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan. V. Notes on camels.

Observations on camels have been made over two separate periods of about 18 months each. Information is provided on population structure and on type, with particular reference to weight and shoulder height. A growth curve has been derived, formulae for estimating weight from girth provided, and a mean population weight has been calculated. Details of live and slaughter weight and dressing percentages of 60 camels are given. The weights and percentages of empty body weight and of edible and nonedible parts are presented. Some notes are made of the unusual method of slaughter. The role of camels in transport and draught is discussed. Camels used for ploughing and for pressing oil from local crops produce more power than other domestic animals doing similar work.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1978

Studies on the livestock of southern Darfur, Sudan VI. Notes on equines.

Equines have been largely ignored in modern scientific literature on domestic animals, probably because they are not providers of meat and milk. Their contribution to the economy in the Sudan, however, is considerable and they are the principal means of transport both as baggage and as riding animals. They also play an important role in the supply of fuel and the distribution of domestic water in the larger villages and towns. Information on population structure is provided and descriptions, with particular reference to withers height and weight, are given of two types of donkey and of the horse. Growth curves have been derived, formulae for estimating weight from girth provided, and mean population weights, which can be expressed in terms of livestock units, have been calculated.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan. II. Production traits in cattle.

The results of an intensive 12 months study of a number of herds in the migratory and sedentary sectors of the livestock economy of Southern Darfur are recorded. In almost every production parameter the performance of the former is superior to that of the latter but, overall, production appears to be static or declining. During 1973 the cattle population of the area is estimated to have declined 7 per cent. Meat production per kilogramme of breeding female was calculated to be 0-057 kg in the migratory sector but only 0-023 kg in the sedentary sector. Calculated calving rates are significantly higher at 65 per cent in the migratory sector than the 40 per cent of the sedentary sector. Deaths in the former sector were only 15 per cent compared with the 35 per cent of the latter. It is concluded that total settlement of the migratory sector is not the answer to the current problem of the livestock sector of Southern Darfur.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Studies on the livestock of southern Darfur, Sudan. III. Production traits in sheep.

The results of an intensive 15 months' study of 10 flocks of indigenous sheep are recorded. Lambing rates approach 1.5 lambs per ewe per year, but a death rate of 23 per cent and an offtake of 27 per cent, means that flock numbers are probably slightly declining. Twins account for 14 per cent of all births but the death rate of twin lambs is almost twice that of single lambs up to 6 months of age. Increased productivity is therefore more likely to be achieved by improving the survival and growth rates of single lambs than by selection for twinning. The weighted average rate of lightweight gain for all surviving lambs is 82 g per day up to 1 year of age, and is better than that recorded for any other indigenous African sheep. Meat production per kg of breeding female, at 0.253 kg up to 6 months of age of the young, is almost six times the production of cattle under the same management and environmental conditions, but is inferior to that of goats.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Studies on the livestock of Southern Darfur, Sudan. IV. Production traits in goats.

The results of a 15 months' intensive study on seven flocks of indigenous goats in the Southern Darfur region of the Sudan are discussed in this paper. Birth rates in the region approached 2-1 kids per doe per year. A high total offtake of 28 per cent and a weighted average death rate of about 16-5 per cent were insufficient to offset this high birth rate and flock numbers are increased. Mortality in kids was unrelated to number of births. Weighted average rate of gain for all surviving kids was 87 g per day to 3 months and 67 g per day to 6 months of age. The growth rates of twin and single were similar, but triplet kids grew at a slower rate. For each kilogramme liveweight of breeding females, goats produced 1-5 and 8 times the weight of meat produced by sheep and cattle respectively under the same management and environmental conditions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Servant leadership.

As corporations are eagerly pursuing reengineering and reorganization, leadership functions are changing to champion these efforts. Traditionally, organizations have had a "top-down" management approach, however, there is a gradual shift to other leadership models. Servant leadership is being successfully implemented in many settings. Servant leadership, first popularized by Robert Greenleaf in 1970, puts serving others as the number one priority. Ten characteristics of a servant leader include: Listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to the growth of people, and building community. Both servant leadership and the chaos theory have in common the central tenet of relationships. Since America is now approximately 80 percent a "service-economy," servant leadership can greatly benefit the individual employees, as well as help to facilitate the organization's pursuit of its changing strategic plans.

Empathy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiresidue assay for benzimidazole anthelmintics by liquid chromatography and confirmation by gas chromatography/selected-ion monitoring electron impact mass spectrometry.

A multiresidue method utilizing all-disposable labware has been developed for 8 benzimidazole anthelmintics from ovine, bovine, and swine muscle and liver tissues. After an initial extraction with ethyl acetate and subsequent evaporation, a 3-component extraction using hexane, ethanol, and 0.2N HCl was used for final cleanup. Clean extracts were produced for separation and determination by reverse-phase liquid chromatography at 298 nm, using methanol and aqueous buffer as mobile phase. A synthesized internal standard, 2-(n-butylmercapto)benzimidazole, was used for quantitation of all drugs. Results are included along with statistical information verifying the performance of the method. Spiked control tissues and incurred drug tissues were used for an intralaboratory study with a concentration range of 50-1470 ppb. A series of standard curves at 0, 50, 100, and 200 ppb were analyzed. Overall recovery at the 100 ppb level averaged 92% (CV 8%) in liver tissues, across all 3 species and 88% (CV 5%) in muscle tissues across all 3 species. Results were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with acid hydrolysis of the remaining extract in 2N HCl followed by re-extraction of the amine and derivatization to the tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivative. The anthelmintics were identified by gas chromatography/selected ion monitoring electron-impact mass spectrometry. Ion ratio measurements were taken and compared to standard material. CVs averaged 10% or less for all drugs tested.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Four-laboratory validation study of the determination of chloramphenicol in veal calf urine.

A four-laboratory validation study of a method for the quantitation and confirmation of low part-per-billion levels of chloramphenicol extracted from veal calf urine was done. With this method, chloramphenicol, derivatized to the bis(trimethylsilyl)ether, was quantitated by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) and confirmed by selected-ion monitoring in a negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-NICI-MS). Four analysts from 4 laboratories participated in the portion of the study devoted to chloramphenicol quantitation. Every analyst analyzed 5 sets, one set per day, on 5 different days. Each set included 6 samples consisting of a blank, 2 fortified samples, 2 incurred urine samples, and one duplicate. Thus, each analyst worked on a total of 30 samples. Chloramphenicol concentrations ranged from 0 to 9.7 ppb. All data were reported to 0.1 ppb. Coefficients of variation for distribution, CVd, ranged from 8.82 to 14.14% and for precision, CVr, ranged from 9.15 to 14.80%. Three analysts from 3 laboratories also participated in the confirmatory portion of the study, which was carried out to test whether the NICI-MS method developed earlier for higher concentrations of chloramphenicol and for an extract of muscle tissue could be applied to lower levels of chloramphenicol and to an extract prepared from urine. The extracts of 10 of the 30 samples were designated for confirmation only, but were obtained by the same procedure as extracts used for the quantitation part of the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Confirmation of leucogentian violet in chicken fat by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) procedure for confirming the identity of leucogentian violet (LGV) in chicken fat was developed for regulatory application. The unused portion of the extract remaining from a determinative procedure was back-extracted into an organic phase, concentrated, and analyzed by GC/MS. Confirmation of the identity of LGV was based on matching the retention times and relative abundances of 6 ions in the extract to corresponding values obtained for the LGV standard. The procedure was validated by replicate analyses of negative control, fortified control, and residue-incurred chicken fat. The presence of LGV was confirmed by the GC/MS procedure in all samples found to contain LGV by prior liquid chromatographic analyses. There were no interferences in the control samples.

Adipose Tissue↗