Prevalence of persistent diarrhea in Mexico.
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Age Distribution↗
Biomedical subjects
R Tapia-Conyer
Publications and source records attributed to R Tapia-Conyer.
Risk factors for inhalant abuse in juvenile offenders: the case of Mexico.
During the last two decades the abuse of inhalants and other addictive substances has received considerable attention in Mexico. Although substance abuse seems to affect everyone, adolescents seem to be at higher risk, and although researchers have identified the links between substance abuse and delinquency, there is not enough scientific information to explain the reason. A cross-sectional study was designed to examine the relationship between known risk factors and inhalant abuse among a group of Mexican juvenile offenders. Of the 626 subjects studied, 58% reported use of different drugs, and of them 23% abused inhalants. Gender, low socio-economic level and labor status were the principal risk factors associated with inhalant abuse. According to attributable risks calculated, and taking into account the methodological limitations of the study, the authors suggest some preventive actions to decrease inhalant abuse in the population studied.
Adolescent↗
[The risk of dengue transmission: a space for stratification].
The emergence of dengue fever as a public health problem in the Americas is increasing. Its rapid spread in the region and the geographical dissemination of dengue infection has not been followed by a corresponding input of financial, human and technical resources necessary to control dengue fever epidemics. This situation compelled to the analysis of dengue transmission in Mexico with the objective of designing a strategy of dengue fever surveillance based on the stratification of transmission risks taking into account geographical variables like climate, rain precipitation, mean annual temperature and altitude, as well as socio-demographical variables like population density and socio-economic level. This strategy will permit the efficient use of the scant resources available for control, although the impact of dengue transmission is yet to be evaluated.
Adolescent↗
Seroepidemiology of amebiasis in Mexico.
The presence of serum antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica was detected by indirect hemagglutination in a representative sample of the 32 federal entities of the Mexican Republic. This study was designed to include biologic, geographic, social, economic, and educational variables. The total percentage of positive sera was 8.41%. Seroprevalence varied with geographic zones, with the South Central, South Pacific, and Yucatan Peninsula areas showing the highest values (> or = 9%), and the North, Northeast, and Gulf of Mexico areas showing the lowest values (< or = 8.0%). Seroprevalence of anti-E. histolytica antibodies seemed to increase from the northern regions to the southern areas of Mexico. These results indicated that amebiasis is endemic in the Mexican Republic, with areas of high seroprevalence not related to climatic conditions. Exposure to infectious contact with E. histolytica occurred at all ages, with a higher frequency at school age.
Adolescent↗
Cholesterol levels and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Mexican children and teenagers.
In Mexico, the incidence and prevalence of coronary heart disease has increased over the past three decades and has become the leading cause of death in some areas of the country. Hypercholesterolemia (HC) is a major risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis and most developed countries currently have public health strategies that attempt to reduce the level of cholesterol. In order to learn the mean total cholesterol values and the prevalence of HC, an epidemiologic survey was carried out in a representative population sample that included men and women aged 1 to 98 years, across the nation. In this report, we present the findings in children and teenagers of both sexes (n = 34369). Considering the country as a whole, the mean serum TC was 147 +/- 35 mg/dl, the prevalence of borderline hypercholesterolemia (TC between 170 and 199 mg/dl) was 14.7% and the prevalence of high risk hypercholesterolemia (TC > or = 200 mg/dl) was 6.7%. This cross sectional study demonstrated the existence of significant geographic differences in serum TC, with mean state values ranging from 133 mg/dl in the south to 164 mg/dl in the north. The prevalences of high risk hypercholesterolemia was as high as 18.2% in Baja California Norte and as low as 2.5% in the state of Morelos. These geographic differences in total cholesterol and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia were already present at one year of age and persisted throughout childhood and adolescence.
Adolescent↗
Alcohol consumption, low birth weight, and preterm delivery in the National Addiction Survey (Mexico).
In 1988 the Mexican General Directorate of Epidemiology and the Mexican Institute of Psychiatry carried out the first National Addiction Survey that provided prevalence estimates at national and regional levels of alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, and several other drugs use. In addition, a questionnaire included questions regarding alcohol consumption during pregnancy and adverse outcomes. According to the results of logistic regression, women classified as suffering from Alcohol Dependence Syndrome had a very high risk of low birth weight and/or preterm delivery: Odds ratio = 12.1 with a 95% confidence interval of (1.3, 108.9) and p = .026. After controlling for several confounding variables, the findings remained basically the same.
Adolescent↗
[The management of diarrheal disease at home in some regions of Mexico].
A survey was carried out between May and October, 1991 in eleven federal entities to know the correct household diarrhea case management (EMECADI). It was observed that among the 15,125 children less than five years old the punctual prevalence was of 6.4% (970 children); the incidence in the previous two weeks was 14.5% (1,605 children) and the annual incidence of diarrhea was 4.5 episodes per child per year. Among the children who presented diarrhea in the 24 hours, the following rates were observed: use of oral hydration solution, 17.1%; use of recommended homemade fluids, 63.2%; oral hydration therapy use, 63.2%; increased fluids, 29.9%; correct oral serum preparation, 60.0%; continued breast-feeding, 75.0%; continued feeding, 59.8%; adequate knowledge about seeking care, 12.5%, and drugs use, 53.2%. The reference and nutritional components should improved.
Breast Feeding↗
Susceptibility to varicella-zoster infection in individuals 1 to 29 years of age in Mexico.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection has been poorly studied in Latin America. The aim of this work was to study the seroprevalence of antibody to VZV infection in Mexico. Infection was determined in 3,737 individuals. METHODS: Samples were collected during a national serologic survey performed during 1987-1988 and represented individuals 1- to 29-years-old from all socioeconomic levels and from rural and urban communities throughout the country. Antibodies anti-VZV were measured with a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (VARELISA Merck, Germany). RESULTS: In the population studied, 464 individuals (12.4%) were seronegative or susceptible to infection, whereas about 17.0% of individuals 1- to 19-years-old were susceptible to infection. Between the ages of 20 to 24 years, 8.4% were susceptible and between 25 to 29 years, 5.0% of persons were still susceptible to infection. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic level, density of population, crowding, and gender were not found as risk factors for susceptibility to VZV infection in adolescents and young adults. Low educational level was found as a risk factor for susceptibility. High proportions of adolescents and young adults in Mexico are susceptible to VZV infection and should receive special attention when designing vaccination programs.
Adolescent↗
Serologic evidences suggesting the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Mexico.
BACKGROUND: Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne human disease in Europe and the United States. In Mexico, clinical cases suggestive of Lyme borreliosis have been reported; however, infection was not confirmed by serologic or microbiologic tests. METHODS: To study the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi among Mexican persons, a community-based sero-survey including all states of Mexico was done. A sample of 2,890 sera representing individuals of all ages and all socioeconomic levels was studied. Antibodies anti-B. burgdorferi were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a whole-cell sonicated extract of B. burgdorferi strain B31. Serum specimens positive for ELISA were further studied by Western blot (WB). A serum sample was considered positive by WB if at least three of the following protein bands were recognized: 18, 24, 28, 29, 31, 34, 39, 41, 45, 58, 62, 66, and 93 kDa. Some WB positive specimens were further confirmed with an immunodot-blot (IDB) test using recombinant and purified B. burgdorferi proteins. RESULTS: Of the 2,890 specimens, 34 were positive for ELISA; nine of these 34 were confirmed as positive by WB. Four of the nine WB positive sera were tested by IDB and all four were positive. The prevalence of WB confirmed cases in the sample studied was 0.3%. Positive specimens were from residents of the northeastern and central areas of Mexico. CONCLUSIONS: The serological evidences of this study suggest that Borrelia burgdorferi infection is present in the Mexican population. This finding should be confirmed by documenting the infection in clinical cases and in tick vectors.
Adolescent↗
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in Mexican subjects 1 to 29 years of age.
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes an acute, self-limited hepatitis associated with high mortality in pregnant women. Community-based surveys are scarce and information on HEV infection in populations is needed. The aim of this work was to study seroprevalence to HEV in young adults and children in Mexico, using a community-based survey. METHODS: Serum samples from 3,549 individuals were studied; the population included subjects from 1 to 29 years old from all regions of the country representing all socioeconomic levels. IgG anti-HEV was determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Anti-HEV antibodies were found in 374 (10.5%) individuals. Seroprevalence increased with age from 1.1% in children younger than 5 years to 14.2% in persons 26 to 29 years of age (p = 0.006). Risk factors for infection included living in rural communities and a low educational level. Seroprevalence was not associated with the level of regional development. CONCLUSIONS: HEV infection is endemic in Mexico. Age, type of community, and educational level were identified as risk factors for infection.
Adolescent↗
Cigarette smoking; knowledge and attitudes among Mexican physicians.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of the smoking habit among Mexican physicians as well as some of their attitudes and information on specific issues concerning smoking. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 1993, a survey was carried out among 3,568 physicians of the three major official health care institutions in Mexico City. A questionnaire designed for The Mexican National Survey of Addictions (ENA 1993) was used. Prevalence of cigarette smoking, age of onset, number of cigarettes per day; also information and attitudes concerning smoking were assessed. RESULTS: The mean age was 37, 66% were males. Of the 3,488 (98%) surveyed, 26.9% were smokers (62% daily), 20.6% were ex-smokers and 52.5% non-smokers. There were differences related to age and sex (p < 0.05). Of daily smokers, 36% smoked between 1 and 5 cigarettes. There was a significant trend among ex-smokers that linked the time they had ceased smoking with the fear to start smoking again. Physicians were well informed of the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. Over 80% considered tobacco an addictive drug but only 65% were in favor of banning smoking from their workplaces and over 10% were not aware that it is forbidden to smoke inside health care facilities. CONCLUSIONS: These results differ from other studies that find the prevalence of smoking among physicians lower than in the general population. Our study revealed a greater prevalence of the smoking habit among female physicians and the number of cigarettes smoked per day was greater than in the general population regardless of sex.
Adult↗
Potential risk for dengue hemorrhagic fever: the isolation of serotype dengue-3 in Mexico.
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Dengue↗
[The current status of the surgical treatment of severe obesity].
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Digestive System Surgical Procedures↗
[Acute otitis media in Mexico: cases reported during the period from 1995 to 1998].
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Acute Disease↗
[Epidemiologic overview of smoking in Mexico].
Smoking is one of the main preventable causes of disease and death worldwide; 3.5 million smokers die annually. This essay shows the progress made against this epidemic in our country and points out the relevance of implementing a comprehensive program to control smoking. Results from three national surveys conducted in Mexico in 1988, 1993, and 1998 are analyzed and compared. On the one hand, the strategies should include preventive actions, protection of non-smokers, smoking cessation, banning of smoking advertisement, and tax increases; on the other hand, controlling smoking and its consequences on health depend on all of us.
Adolescent↗
[Seroepidemiology of poliomyelitis in Mexico].
With the massive vaccination campaigns with the inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine starting in 1955 and its oral presentation in 1961, this disease has been controlled in many countries. However, wild polio virus is still transmitted in many developing countries. The study reported in this article had the objectives of estimating the prevalence of antibodies against polio for three types of virus (1, 2 and 3) in the population from 12 to 59 months of age in Mexico and determining the factors associated with the absence of immunity. One section of the National Seroepidemiology Survey (NSS), a study with a representative sample of the Mexican population, included the analysis of 5,260 blood samples for polio seropositivity. These samples were processed using the technique of plaque-reduction-neutralization, with the cut-off for positive titer values at 1:8. The national immunity levels reported for the three types of polio virus were: type 1 (89.8%); type 2 (97.6%); and type 3 (85.4%). The state with the lowest seroprevalence was Campeche, with 59.7 per cent, and the highest observed was Baja California Sur, with 93.0 per cent. The NSS also showed that the immunity level increases with age. There were some differences observed by place of residence; seroprevalences were higher in the urban areas (type one, 93.4%; type two, 98.5% and type three, 88.2%) than in the rural zones (86.6%, 96.8% and 82.9%, respectively). As expected, previous vaccination with three or more doses, referred verbally by the parent or guardian of the child, was associated with higher positivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Antibodies, Viral↗
[Direct costs of the treatment of AIDS in Mexico].
This report presents the results of a study of direct treatment costs of AIDS in Mexico, carried out in five public hospitals, four social security hospitals and one private hospital. The study included: a retrospective phase, a prospective phase and a longitudinal followup. The study found that the average AIDS patient has a total of two hospital admissions per year, with an average stay of 20 days per admission, and an annual cost of almost $4,043 US. The hospital admission costs per patient ranged between $1,430 US and $7,350 US with an average cost of $2,565 US. The outpatient's treatment costs per year were of $300 US. The patient's expenses at their homes were $1,100 US. We conclude that treatment costs for AIDS patients, excluding use of AZT, are higher than the treatment costs of comparable diseases. The greatest cost is that for inpatient care; thus, we recommend improving outpatient care services in order to provide more comprehensive care to patients and their families.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
[Methodology of the National Seroepidemiologic Survey, Mexico].
This paper briefly describes the methodology employed in the National Seroepidemiologic Survey (NSS). Among the aspects discussed are: previous studies of this kind; the master sampling frame; the sample design, the study population and sample size; the selection of diseases for study; the variables; instruments for data collection; operational design for the survey; as well as data processing and analysis. The overall response rate of the NSS was 78.4 per cent of the surveyed homes, 40 per cent of which were from rural areas (communities of less than 2,500 persons). The non-response rate was 41.3 per cent with the highest level in Baja California Sur (RNR = 26%) and the lowest in Puebla (RNR = 50.9%). The poor response in Puebla may have been due to the fact that it was the first state surveyed and served as the pilot project. The variable estimates from the NSS were similar to those found in other national surveys and the General Population Census. Therefore, these is reason to believe that the results of the NSS were representative and comparable. The final part of the paper describes the NSS projects already published, national seroprevalences, considerations concerning inference, and the laboratory procedures utilized in each project.
Adolescent↗