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Biomedical subjects

R Tennant

Publications and source records attributed to R Tennant.

30 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Comparison of the effects of Org NC 45 and pancuronium bromide on heart rate and arterial pressure in anaesthetized man.

The effects of Org NC 45 and pancuronium bromide on heart rate and arterial pressure were studied in anaesthetized man. A bolus of either Org NC 45 0.1 mg kg-1 or pancuronium 0.1 mg kg-1 was administered to lightly anaesthetized unstimulated subjects. Following Org NC 45 heart rate decreased in the majority of subjects (mean and SEM 3.78 +/- 1.36), whereas after pancuronium heart rate was increased (mean and SEM 11.91 +/- 1.9). The changes in mean arterial pressure observed were minimal. The effect of endotracheal intubation on mean arterial pressure was then studied. Increase of mean arterial pressure was observed in all subjects. The increase was more marked in those patients who had received pancuronium and was significantly higher than in those patients who had received Org NC 45 (P less than 0.01). We conclude that Org NC 45 is devoid of vagal blocking action, and that the difference in response to the stimulus of endotracheal intubation is a result of the different effects exerted on the sympathetic nervous system by Org NC 45 and pancuronium.

Adult↗

An experimental study of gaseous homeostasis and the Magill circuit using low fresh gas flows.

Gas concentrations and ventilation levels have been measured within a conventional Magill circuit when conscious volunteers breathed a non-narcotic gas mixture at varying fresh gas flows. When evidence of rebreathing of alveolar gas was detected, the fresh gas flow was kept constant until a steady state developed. All subjects showed evidence of rebreathing when the fresh gas flow approached the predicted alveolar ventilation levels. A variety of subject-circuit interactions was seen and shown to be precipitated by naturally occurring breath-to-breath variations in ventilation. A single large breath could perturb the system. This could have a temporary effect, when the fresh gas flow was sufficient to wash the increased aliquot of expired carbon dioxide from the circuit. At other times a progressive response occurred as ventilatory stimulation as a result of the increased inspired carbon dioxide concentrations caused alveolar gas to reach the reservoir bag and converted the system behaviour from that of a simple added deadspace to that of a total mixing device. Whilst marked changes occurred commonly in both ventilation and inspired gas concentrations, only slight changes in end-tidal gas concentrations occurred.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗

Chemical carcinogens. A review and analysis of the literature of selected chemicals and the establishment of the Gene-Tox Carcinogen Data Base. A report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program.

The literature on 506 selected chemicals has been evaluated for evidence that these chemicals induce tumors in experimental animals and this assessment comprises the Gene-Tox Carcinogen Data Base. Three major sources of information were used to create this evaluated data base: all 185 chemicals determined by the International Agency for Research on Cancer to have Sufficient evidence of carcinogenic activity in experimental animals, 28 selected chemicals bioassayed for carcinogenic activity by the National Toxicology Program/National Cancer Institute and found to induce tumors in mice and rats, and 293 selected chemicals which had been evaluated in genetic toxicology and related bioassays as determined from previous Gene-Tox reports. The literature data on the 239 chemicals were analyzed by the Gene-Tox Carcinogenesis Panel in an organized, rational and consistent manner. Criteria were established to assess individual studies employing single chemicals and 4 categories of response were developed: Positive, Negative, Inconclusive (Equivocal) and Inconclusive. After evaluating each of the individual studies on the 293 chemicals, the Panel placed each of the 506 chemicals in an overall classification category based on the strength of the evidence indicating the presence or absence of carcinogenic effects. An 8-category decision scheme was established using a modified version of the International Agency for Research on Cancer approach. This scheme included two categories of Positive (Sufficient and Limited), two categories of Negative (Sufficient and Limited), a category of Equivocal (the evidence of carcinogenicity from well-conducted and well-reported lifetime studies had uncertain significance and was neither clearly positive nor negative), and three categories of Inadequate (the evidence of carcinogenicity was insufficient to make a decision, however, the data suggested a positive or negative indication). Of the 506 chemicals in the Gene-Tox Carcinogen Data Base, 252 were evaluated as Sufficient Positive, 99 as Limited Positive, 40 as Sufficient Negative, 21 as Limited Negative, 1 as Equivocal, 13 as Inadequate with the data suggesting a positive indication, 32 as Inadequate with the data suggesting a negative indication, and 48 Inadequate with the data not suggesting any indication of activity. This data base was analyzed and examined according to chemical class, using a 29 chemical class scheme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

Use of transgenic animals for carcinogenicity testing: considerations and implications for risk assessment.

Advances in genetic engineering have created opportunities for improved understanding of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis. Through selective introduction, activation, and inactivation of specific genes, investigators can produce mice of unique genotypes and phenotypes that afford insights into the events and mechanisms responsible for tumor formation. It has been suggested that such animals might be used for routine testing of chemicals to determine their carcinogenic potential because the animals may be mechanistically relevant for understanding and predicting the human response to exposure to the chemical being tested. Before transgenic and knockout mice can be used as an adjunct or alternative to the conventional 2-year rodent bioassay, information related to the animal line to be used, study design, and data analysis and interpretation must be carefully considered. Here, we identify and review such information relative to Tg.AC and rasH2 transgenic mice and p53+/- and XPA-/- knockout mice, all of which have been proposed for use in chemical carcinogenicity testing. In addition, the implications of findings of tumors in transgenic and knockout animals when exposed to chemicals is discussed in the context of human health risk assessment.

Animals↗

Histologic evidence of retinacular nerve injury associated with patellofemoral malalignment.

Patellofemoral malalignment is frequently accompanied by pain that may respond to conservative treatment or lateral retinacular release. Frequently, there is little or no evidence of chondromalacia patellae in these patients. This study presents consistent evidence of nerve damage (demyelination and fibrosis) in the lateral retinaculum of patients with intractable patellofemoral pain requiring lateral retinacular release or realignment of the patellofemoral joint. The changes observed in the retinacular nerves resemble the histopathologic picture of Morton's interdigital neuroma. It is likely that the lateral retinaculum itself is painful in many patients with patellofemoral malalignment.

Humans↗