Human immunodeficiency virus among the homeless in Miami: a new direction for the HIV epidemic.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
R Tyler
Publications and source records attributed to R Tyler.
Estrogen, progesterone, and vascular reactivity: potential cellular mechanisms.
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Endothelium, Vascular↗
Control of IgG/Fc glycosylation: a comparison of oligosaccharides from chimeric human/mouse and mouse subclass immunoglobulin Gs.
Oligosaccharide profiles were obtained for chimeric mouse-human antibodies corresponding to each of the human IgG subclasses 1-4, and mouse IgG2b antibodies each expressed in the mouse J558L cell line. These antibodies have specificity for the NIP hapten and form a matched set of IgGs. An IgG4 chimeric antibody (B72.3) produced in the chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cell line was also analysed for carbohydrate. Additionally aglycosylated mutants of this IgG4 (B72.3) and anti-NIP mouse IgG2b were analysed. The total lack of carbohydrate found in the aglycosylated site-directed mutants human chimeric IgG4 B72.3 (Asn 297-->Gln) and mouse IgG2b (Asn 297-->Ala) demonstrates that there are no N-glycosylation sites other than Asn 297. Therefore glycosylation profiles for all the IgGs analysed reflect carbohydrate attached to this site. Factors such as cell type (A), template direction by the IgG heavy chains (B) and culture conditions (C) are shown to influence IgG glycosylation profiles. (A) The anti-NIP IgG antibodies expressed by the J558L cell line may have one or two Gal (alpha 1-->3) Gal residues per oligosaccharide unit, indicative of the presence of (alpha 1-->3) galactosyl transferase in the J558L mouse cell line. (B) The galactosylation profiles obtained for the IgG heavy chains, in particular the preference for galactosylation of the Man (alpha 1-->6) arm rather than the Man (alpha 1-->3) arm, contrary to the beta-galactosyltransferase specificity, suggest that the polypeptide chain may act as a template to influence the extent of galactosylation and hence the proportions of each oligosaccharide incorporated. The IgG2 antibody does not display this galactosylation preference. (C) The extent of galactosylation appears to be influenced by the growth conditions, with the highest levels of galactosylation being found for IgG produced by cells grown in still cultures, rather than cells grown as ascites or in hollow fibre bioreactors. It is concluded that though the profile of glycosylation is controlled predominantly by the glycosylation activity of the cell in which the IgG is expressed, differences between the IgG heavy chain templates of the various subclasses and culture conditions can also influence glycosylation.
Animals↗
Culturally tailored HIV-AIDS risk-reduction messages targeted to African-American urban women: impact on risk sensitization and risk reduction.
African-American women recruited from low-income housing projects in Chicago (N = 106) were randomly assigned to view 1 of 3 20-min videotapes: a standard public health service tape on prevention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the same public health service tape but matching presenter and participant ethnicity and sex, or a tape that included the same content but was framed in a context specifically intended to increase cultural relevance. Participants who viewed the tapes presented by African-American women were significantly more sensitized to AIDS and were more likely to have discussed AIDS with friends, to be tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies during the follow-up interval, and to request condoms at follow-up. These results support the use of culturally sensitive AIDS prevention messages targeted to specific populations, particularly to promote HIV-antibody testing.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Glycosylation of human IgG subclass and mouse IgG2b heavy chains secreted by mouse J558L transfectoma cell lines as chimeric antibodies.
Oligosaccharide profiles for monoclonal chimeric mouse-human and mouse IgG2b antibodies produced in the mouse J558L cell line have been determined. These chimeric antibodies share the same mouse light chain and VH region and have a single, complex, oligosaccharide moiety attached to residue 297 of the heavy chain. Since the panel of chimeric antibodies included each of the human IgG subclasses and a set of IgG3 proteins having single residue differences, it was possible to evaluate the contributions of the protein template, the cell line, and the culture conditions to glycosylation. The study shows that the J558L cell line glycosylates human heavy chains with oligosaccharides characteristic of mouse immunoglobulins. This includes a galactose alpha 1-->3 galactose structure not found in human IgG and for which most humans have naturally occurring "anti-Gal" antibodies. The extent of galactosylation was very dependent on the culture conditions and was maximal for still culture. The findings have significance for the production of antibodies for in vivo administration.
Animals↗
Does an antibody molecule act as a template directing (determining) its glycosylation?
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Animals↗
A truncated P element is inserted in the transcribed region of the Cu,Zn SOD gene of an SOD "null" strain of Drosophila melanogaster.
The decreased Cu,Zn SOD activity (less than 5%) in a "null" SODCA1 Drosophila melanogaster strain isolated in our laboratory is due to the insertion of a truncated P element into the transcribed region of the Cu,Zn SOD gene. Using a cDNA Cu,Zn SOD probe from a wild type D. melanogaster (F allele) we isolated an EcoRI Cu,Zn SOD clone from an EMBL3 genomic library of the SODCA1 strain, subcloned it, restriction-mapped and partially sequenced it. The 2.5 kb clone consists of a wild-type 1.84 kb EcoRI fragment containing the Cu,Zn SOD gene previously isolated in our laboratory, with an insertion of 0.68 kb derived (by an internal deletion) from an autonomous, 2.9 kb P element. The insertion starts 21 bp upstream from the coding sequence and causes an 8 bp target site duplication characteristic of P elements. A point mutation in the second exon results in a replacement of Asn by Lys at position 96, confirming that the mature protein encoded by the SOCCA1 is the same one encoded by the S allele, commonly found in natural populations. The diminished expression of SODCA1 allele is most possibly due to a reduction of the rate of transcription attributable to the insertion of the P element.
Alleles↗
Virucidal activity of disinfectants: studies with the poliovirus.
The activity of various disinfectants against poliovirus (Sabin 1 an) was assessed using surface and suspension tests. The surface test showed that 2% glutaraldehyde and high concentrations of hypochlorites (9200 ppm avCl2) were effective (i.e. greater than or equal to 4 log10 reduction) against a dried virus suspension in 1 min. Diluted aldehydes ('Sporicidin' and 'Gigasept'), lower hypochlorite concentrations (1000 ppm avCl2) and peroxides (3%) were less effective while 70% ethanol showed variable results; 70% isopropanol was ineffective in 10 min. In the suspension tests hydrogen peroxide (3% and 6%) and 70% ethanol were ineffective in 1 min.
Disinfectants↗
An in vitro study of the antiviral properties of an alginate impression material impregnated with disinfectant.
The antiviral properties of a new alginate impression material impregnated with a disinfectant (didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride) were evaluated in vitro against herpes simplex virus type I and poliovirus type I. The material was exposed to the virus suspension for periods of up to 60 min. The impregnated alginate material showed no clinically acceptable effect against either virus, although log reductions of 1.0 and 1.7 plaque-forming units of herpes virus were obtained after exposure to the material containing the disinfectant for 5 and 60 min, respectively.
Alginates↗
Quality assurance in ambulatory care.
Recent cost containment measures have shifted federal and non-federal health care to the ambulatory care setting. This shift of care has increased the need for adequate ambulatory care quality assurance, especially in institutions whose beneficiaries have little or no choice of where they receive their health care. Based on a review of the literature and workshop discussions at the Conference on Ambulatory Care and Education, the needs of ambulatory care quality assurance were divided into four categories: (1) administrative procedures; (2) internal and external quality assessment; (3) data management; and (4) research and education. Following a brief overview of these four areas, potential mechanisms for integrating ambulatory care quality assurance into the ongoing education of faculty, residents, and medical students are presented. The paper concludes by identifying needed areas of research and listing recommendations for integrating ambulatory care quality assurance into medical education.
Ambulatory Care↗
Multiple myeloma in a horse.
Multiple myeloma was diagnosed in a horse on the basis of clinical signs, protein electrophoresis pattern, Bence-Jones proteinuria, and radiographic changes in bone. The horse had mild depression, weight loss, edema of the distal portion of the left hind limb, anemia, hyperproteinemia, and monoclonal gammopathy in the beta 2 region. Radiographically, punctate cortical lysis of bone was seen. Specific treatment for the multiple myeloma was not attempted and the horse was euthanatized.
Age Factors↗
A surface test for virucidal activity of disinfectants: preliminary study with herpes virus.
A test was developed to assess the surface activity of disinfectants against dried viral preparations. In this preliminary study a variety of disinfectants was tested against herpes virus. The results showed that 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde and 70% ethanol or isopropanol were effective in 1 min. Hypochlorite solutions (2500 ppm av. Cl2) were effective in 5 min, but povidone-iodine (10%) was slower in action and a clear soluble phenol showed uncertain activity at 5 and 10 min. High concentrations of alcohols (above 95%), two quaternary ammonium compounds and 0.5% aqueous chlorhexidine showed little activity in 10 min.
Alcohols↗
Post-weaning coccidiosis in beef calves in the dry tropics: experimental control with continuous monensin supplementation via intra-ruminal devices and concurrent epidemiological observations.
Post-weaning Eimeria zuernii coccidiosis in beef calves was treated prophylactically with monensin from intra-ruminal continuous release devices. The evaluation of four treatments during three consecutive years also allowed observations on the epidemiology of this disease to be made. Monensin was an effective prophylactic and the intra-ruminal devices were a convenient method of continuous administration over a one to two month period. The three years of the trial included two characteristically very dry and one unusually wet weaning period. Coccidiosis was more severe in the dry years suggesting that oocyst challenge was less important than the immunodepressive effect of weaning and dietary stress in precipitating disease. Severe disease also occurred in calves subsequent to elimination of oocyst shedding by monensin during the initial treatment trial. The occurrence of disease in conditions inimical to oocyst survival and development and after treatment suggested a role for arrested endogenous stages.
Animals↗
Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma and small-cell malignant lymphoma of the skin. A discriminant immunohistochemical comparison.
In selected instances, primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma (PCNEC) and small-cell malignant lymphoma (SCML) of the skin may display similar clinical presentations and microscopic appearances, leading to diagnostic uncertainty. We applied monoclonal antibodies to epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), Ia antigen, and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) to 31 cases of PCNEC and 12 of small-cell lymphoma cutis, using a combined PAP and ABC procedure, to determine whether or not such stains were capable of separating the two neoplasms. All cases of SCML were reactive for LCA, while this determinants was not seen in any example of PCNEC. Anti-Ia antigen labelled 11 of 12 cases of SCML, and also failed to stain neuroendocrine carcinomas. Lastly, EMA was observed in 25 of 31 cases of PCNEC, but it was found in one lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma as well. Bayes' univariate statistical analysis of these data indicates that anti-LCA, anti-EMA, and anti-Ia antigen are capable of discriminating between the tumors in question, with anti-LCA being the most effective.
Adenocarcinoma↗
The long-term effects on neurodevelopment in infants exposed prenatally to PCP.
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Aging↗
Clinical, biochemical, acid-base, and electrolyte abnormalities in cats after hypertonic sodium phosphate enema administration.
Ten clinically healthy cats were allotted into 2 groups. Group A was given the low (60 ml), and group B was given the high (120 ml) recommended dose of a commercial hypertonic sodium phosphate enema. Enema retention was enforced. All cats developed clinical and/or laboratory abnormalities, with group B cats being more severely affected. Clinical signs that occurred rapidly included depression, ataxia, vomition, bloody diarrhea, mucous membrane pallor, and stupor; tetany was not seen. One cat in group B died. Laboratory abnormalities included hypernatremia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, calculated hyperosmolality, and metabolic acidosis with high anion gap probably due to hyperlacticacidemia. There were no significant gross or microscopic lesions associated with enema administration. Therefore, the use of hypertonic sodium phosphate enema at recommended doses is potentially dangerous to cats.
Acidosis↗
Bruising and muscle pH in zebu crossbred and British breed cattle.
Five trials in Queensland compared the bruising of 302 zebu (Bos indicus) crossbred and 254 British breed (B taurus) steers. The pH of the Longissimus dorsi muscle 24 hours post mortem was measured in three of the trials. Breed groups were transported separately to the abattoir in the first four trials and travelled as mixed breed groups in the fifth one. Differences in bruising between breed types were not significant in any trial. Zebu crossbred animals had significantly (P less than 0.05) lower muscle pH values in trials 1 and 3, whereas the difference was not significant in trial 5. There were also fewer dark cutters among the zebu crossbred animals in trials 1, 3 and 5.
Animals↗