Topically applied antioxidants in skin protection.
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Administration, Topical↗
Biomedical subjects
R Wolber
Publications and source records attributed to R Wolber.
[Modulation of oxidative stresses in human aging skin].
Oxidative stress (UV irradiation, free radicals) plays a significant role in aging. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and exogenously applied antioxidants can significantly reduce the formation of oxidative stress with increasing age. In our in vitro and in vivo experiments concerning the parameters of ultraweak photon emission (UPE), intracellular thiol status, mitochondrial membrane potential and cell vitality, we demonstrated a diminished resistance in keratinocytes of old donors against UV irradiation. This reduced epidermal resistance against oxidative stressors, i.e. UV irradiation, can be improved by topical application of CoQ10 and antioxidants like alpha-glucosylrutin (15). Furthermore, our in vivo investigations show that wrinkles around the region of the eyes ("crow feet") could be reduced by long-term application of CoQ10.
Aged↗
Two ceramide subfractions detectable in Cer(AS) position by HPTLC in skin surface lipids of non-lesional skin of atopic eczema.
The non-involved skin of atopic eczema (NEAE) is characterized by severe dryness and an impaired barrier function of the stratum corneum as indicated by an increased transepidermal water loss. Previous studies have demonstrated that this barrier impairment coincides with marked alterations in the amount and composition of stratum corneum ceramides. The aim of this study was to identify specific alterations in NEAE that may be used in the diagnosis of the atopic eczema. Using a classical procedure for high performance thin layer chromatography we could confirm earlier results: apart from Cer(EOH), which contains omega-hydroxy fatty acid (O) ester-linked to linoleic acid (E) and amide-linked to 6-hydroxy-4-sphingenine (H), the quantities of all ceramide fractions were significantly decreased. Furthermore, Cer(EOH)/Certotal was significantly increased, whereas the percentage of Cer(EOS), which contains sphingosine (S), and Cer(NP), which contains non-hydroxy fatty acid (N) amide-linked to phytosphingosine (P), were significantly decreased. Using a modified procedure for high performance thin layer chromatography we could demonstrate the formation of a double peak in the position of Cer(AS), which contains alpha-hydroxy fatty acid (A), in lipids of NEAE. The subfractions of the double peak comprised 15% and 12% of Certotal. MALDITOF mass spectrometry suggested that the double peak was formed by a homologous series of mono-hydroxylated and mono-unsaturated ceramides of different chain length, e.g., Cer(AS) subfractions containing either (C16,18) or (C22,24,26) alpha-hydroxy fatty acids. In contrast, in normal skin a single peak in Cer(AS) position, which comprised 22% of Certotal, was mainly formed by the long chain subfraction. In some cases this single peak displayed a small shoulder at its right flank, but never showed a clear peak separation when developed with NEAE samples. Furthermore, even in senile xerosis, or in either non-involved skin of psoriasis or seborrhoic eczema, only a single peak occurred in Cer(AS) position. Accordingly, the double peak might be specific for NEAE and turn out to be a marker for atopic eczema.
Ceramides↗
Site-specific comparison of p53 immunostaining in squamous cell carcinomas.
The p53 tumor suppressor gene is believed to be the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer. p53 is thought to function as a negative regulator of the cell cycle, arresting cells in the G1 phase. This study examined the effects of different mutagenic environments on the incidence of p53 overexpression in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from sun exposed and non-sun exposed squamous epithelium. An immunohistochemical analysis was undertaken in an attempt to assay SSC for p53 overexpression, an indirect measure of missense mutant p53. Positive nuclear staining for p53 was observed in 14 of 21 sun exposed SCCs, two of 19 vulvar/perianal SCCs, and 15 of 20 oral cavity SCCs. The number of positive anogenital tumors was low compared with that of both sun exposed (chi-squared, 1 df, P = .0004) and oral (chi-squared, 1 df, P < .0001) sites. It was concluded that p53 protein accumulation is common in sun-exposed cutaneous SCC and oral SCC compared with anogenital SCC, and thus it is hypothesized that the nature of the mutagenic environment in which SCC develops directly affects the incidence of immunohistochemically detectable p53-positive cells.
Adult↗
Chronic human skin graft rejection in severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with human PBL from an HLA-presensitized donor.
Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (C.B-17 scid [SCID]) accepted xenografts of adult human peripheral blood leukocytes injected intraperitoneally as evidenced by production of human immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM), and circulation of human leukocytes in peripheral blood. SCID mice also accepted human split-thickness skin xenografts. Passenger leukocytes present in small numbers in such skin grafts could also recirculate in host peripheral blood and make detectable levels of human immunoglobulin. To test the immunocompetence of the transferred human PBL, SCID mice received a human skin xenograft from a second donor (HLA-mismatched with the PBL donor) either before (n = 6) or after (n = 23) xenografting of PBL. Skin was monitored daily for signs of rejection, and rejection was scored by histology 3-4 weeks after the second graft (PBL or skin) was placed. Of 19 SCID injected with PBL from an HLA presensitized patient (L.G.), 7/19 (37%) rejected a subsequent HLA-mismatched skin xenograft. Two of six SCID (33%) rejected a previously established skin xenograft when PBL were administered afterward. The rejection of the human skin was chronic, of relatively late onset (3-4 weeks), and was characterized grossly by contraction, glassy surface, and thickening. Histopathologic examination showed lymphocyte infiltration into the dermis with endothelial cell cuffing and destruction of capillaries, as well as lymphocyte tagging of the basal epidermis, hyperkeratosis, lymphocyte exocytosis and single epidermal cell necrosis. Immunostaining with monoclonal antibody to human CD2 or mouse CD3 revealed that human, but not mouse T lymphocytes were tagging the dermis/epidermis junction and infiltrating the epidermis of rejecting skin grafts. We conclude that a form of human skin graft rejection may be reproduced in an SCID mouse. The immune status of the transferred cells (sensitized vs. normal) and the lymphocytes ability to recirculate in SCID peripheral blood appear to be factors limiting the rejection process.
Animals↗
Lymphocytic gastritis.
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Diagnosis, Differential↗
Long-term soft-tissue effects of biliary extracorporeal shock waves: an animal study.
Although delayed effects of renal extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) have been reported, the long-term soft-tissue effects after biliary ESWL have not been investigated. We report soft-tissue effects seen up to 1 year after biliary extracorporeal shock waves were administered to 18 Yucatan pigs. The gallbladder received 4000 electromagnetic shock waves from a Siemens Lithostar overhead module. Blood samples were drawn from each pig for hematologic, coagulation, and biochemical profiles immediately before and then at prescribed time intervals after administration of shock waves. Autopsy and histopathologic examination of the gallbladder and surrounding organs were performed. Kidneys and adrenal glands also were examined in five pigs followed up for 1 year. There were no gross or microscopic abnormalities in 11 animals, including all five animals in the 1-year group in which kidneys and adrenal glands also were normal. One animal (3-week group) had two 2-mm foci of parenchymal necrosis in the right lobe of the liver, probably related to ischemia after shock-wave therapy. Transient rise in liver and pancreatic enzyme levels was seen in most animals after administration of shock waves. The levels returned to normal within 2 months in all but one animal. We conclude that biliary ESWL with the Lithostar Plus does not produce long-term histologic evidence of organ damage in Yucatan pigs.
Adrenal Glands↗
Lymphocytic gastritis in patients with celiac sprue or spruelike intestinal disease.
A distinctive form of gastritis, characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of pit epithelium, has recently been described in association with evidence of Campylobacter pylori infection. We have evaluated simultaneous small bowel and gastric biopsies from 22 patients with diarrhea or malabsorption, all of which showed small bowel changes characteristic of sprue or spruelike disease. In 10 of 22 patients, striking lymphocytic gastritis was identified. Cases positive for lymphocytic gastritis had a mean of 46.5 lymphocytes per 100 epithelial cells, compared with a mean of 3.5 in normal gastric controls and 5.1 in abnormal controls, including cases with Campylobacter gastritis. Concurrent small bowel biopsies had a mean of 47.2 lymphocytes per 100 epithelial cells. Cases without lymphocytic gastritis had means of 10.8 and 39.9 lymphocytes per 100 gastric and intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. Campylobacter organisms were identified in only 1 of the 10 patients with lymphocytic gastritis and in 3 of the 12 patients without lymphocytic gastritis. Intraepithelial lymphocytes in small bowel and stomach were positive for the antibody MT-1, indicating a T-cell infiltrate at both sites. These findings suggest that lymphocytic gastritis may occur as a manifestation of celiac sprue or spruelike disease and that the lymphocytic infiltration of celiac sprue may affect gastric epithelial mucous cells.
Biopsy↗
Colonic lymphocytosis in patients with celiac sprue.
We examined colonic biopsies from 39 patients with clinical and small bowel biopsy changes of celiac sprue. In 12 of 39 patients (31%), striking lymphocytic infiltration of the superficial colonic epithelium and chronic inflammation of the lamina propria were identified. These 12 cases had a mean of 30.4 lymphocytes per 100 superficial colonic epithelial cells, compared with means of 8.4 in sprue cases without colonic epithelial lymphocytosis, 4.8 in normal controls, and 32.4 in nine cases of lymphocytic colitis without concurrent celiac sprue. No case showed subepithelial collagen layer thickening. Four patients with celiac sprue and colonic lymphocytosis also had gastric biopsies; two showed gastric lymphocytosis. Intraepithelial lymphocytes at all sites were positive for the T-cell marker MT-1. These findings indicate that sprue-associated colonic lymphocytosis and lymphocytic colitis are histologically, quantitatively, and immunohistochemically indistinguishable, that the epithelial T-cell infiltration of celiac sprue occurs in glandular mucosa at all levels of the gastrointestinal tract, and that colonic subepithelial collagen deposition in patients with celiac sprue is an infrequent occurrence. These findings also suggest that gastrointestinal epithelial T-cell infiltration may be an immunologic response that is common in individuals sensitized to absorbed lumenal antigens, and that colonic lymphocytosis may occur as a response to a number of antigens, including gluten.
Celiac Disease↗
Anal cloacogenic and squamous carcinomas. Comparative histologic analysis using in situ hybridization for human papillomavirus DNA.
In order to evaluate the morphologic and possible etiologic distinctions between anal cloacogenic and squamous carcinomas, we performed histologic examination and in situ hybridization for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA on anal canal and anal verge carcinomas from 37 patients. Twenty-one neoplasms were invasive or in situ squamous carcinomas, 14 were invasive cloacogenic carcinomas, and two were unclassified. In situ hybridization was positive for HPV types 16/18 in 12 cases and for types 6/11 in two cases of anal squamous carcinoma (67% HPV positivity overall). All 14 cases classified as anal cloacogenic carcinoma were negative for HPV DNA by this technique. One of the two unclassified carcinomas was positive for type 16/18 DNA. We conclude that anal cloacogenic and squamous carcinomas are histologically similar but distinct neoplasms. Differential expression of HPV DNA in these lesions may be a manifestation of separate mechanisms of pathogenesis, or it may be due to varying degrees of tumor cell differentiation.
Anus Neoplasms↗
Transfemoral liver biopsy by forceps: a review of 104 consecutive procedures.
PURPOSE: Transvenous liver biopsy is performed on patients with contraindications to percutaneous biopsy. Transfemoral liver biopsy has not been widely reported, and we present our experience of 104 consecutive procedures. METHODS: During a 30-month period, 88 patients underwent 104 transfemoral liver biopsies. Under fluoroscopic guidance a 9 Fr curved introducer catheter is passed into the right hepatic vein via a standard femoral sheath. A 7 Fr biopsy forceps is then passed into the liver, opened and wedged. Prior to biopsy, the image intensifer is rotated so the relation of the capsular surface to the biopsy site is verified and capsular perforation avoided. RESULTS: Tissue samples obtained in 97 of 104 procedures (93%) were adequate for diagnosis in 83 (80%). Complications occurred in six procedures (6%) including two capsular perforations; the latter two were treated by coil embolization. CONCLUSION: We found transfemoral liver biopsy using forceps to be a safe, well-tolerated procedure with a high diagnostic yield and it is a technically easy alternative to the transjugular approach using large needles.
Adolescent↗